Therologia

Θηρολογια.

THE PARLY OF BEASTS; OR MORPHANDRA Queen of the INCHANTED ILAND:

Wherein Men were found, who being transmuted to Beasts, though proffer'd to be dis-inchanted, and to becom Men again; yet, in regard of the crying sins, and rebellious humors of the Times, they prefer the Life of a Brute Animal before That of a Rational Creture:
Which Fancy consists of various Philosophicall Discourses, both Morall, Metaphysicall, Historicall, and Naturall, touching the Declinings of the World, and late Depravation of Human Nature;
With Reflexes upon the present State of most Countries in Christendom.

Divided into a XI Sections.
By JAM HOWELL Esq
Senesco, non Segnesco .

The First TOME.
London, Printed by W. Wilson for William Palmer, at the Palm-Tree in Fleet-street near St. Dunstan's Church, 1660.

The Scope and Substance of the ensuing SECTIONS.

PErerius, a wandring Prince, after many traverses of Fortune, and Tempests in his long Pererrations at Sea, arriv'd at a strange Northwest Iland, where ther reign'd a Queen call'd Morphandra, descended of the High-born Circe, daughter of Sol, who (according to the Etymology of her name) had power to transmute and metamorphose Men to Beasts; Pererius having obtain'd leave of her to see and speak with divers of them, viz, an Otter, an Asse, an Ape, a Hinde, a Mule, a Fox, a Boar, a Wolf, a Goat, a Soland-Goose, a Hive of Bees, &. Morphandra infusing the Faculty both of Reson and Ratiocination into Them during that intervall of time; As also full and full and free election to resume the shapes of Men, and so return unto their own Countries and Callings: Pererius attempted to perswade them therunto, but in regard of the rebellious Humors, the horrid Sacriledges, the new-fangled Opinions, and gingling Extravagances that Human brains are subject unto, specially this last doting and vertiginous Age of the World, with the nomberles Indispositions wherunto the Bodies of Men as well as their Brains are expos'd, They did choose rather to continu still in the state and species of Brute Animals, than become Rational Cretures again: At last Prince Pererius mingling speech with a Hive of Bees, who had bin formerly a Monastery of Nuns, He prevail'd so far by his melting perswasions, and high discours of the prerogatives and excellencies of the Human Soul, that He induc'd Them to take on their first Natures again, and so return to their Cloysters; These Discourses are divided into eleven Sections, every Section carrying with it a new Fancy and Matter.
Touching the Etymologies of the feigned Words throughout the whole Work, appropriated to the quality of every Country, Climat, and Peeple, the Roots of them must be fetched from the Greek Toung.
He is the tru Author who creates a Fancy.

To the Great Ornament of her Sex, both for Choice Intellectualls, and High Morall Vertues, The right Honorable, and excellent Lady, Marie de la Fontaine.

MADAME,THis Fancy bearing in the Front the name of a Rare Female, I thought it might well stand with the rules of Congruity to make the Dedication correspond with the Title; And after many revolutions of Thoughts who shold be most proper for my designe, the contemplation of your Honor did cast such strong influences upon Them, that at last They fixed there; Nor will any Discerning Reder question my judgment herein, your Ladiship being so able and fit (as I have the honour to know by experience) to receive this Admired Queen, and give her a suitable entertainment; Therfore, Madame, if you please to admit Morphandra into your Closet, I believe she will afford you severall sorts of divertisements, And she haply may work somtimes a Metamorphosis in your Self, for she can transmute Passions as well as Persons, she can turn Melancholy to Mirth, and Pensivenes to Plesure; For as it is in the French (of which Language you are so great a Mistresse) Les Morts font revivre les Vivants, The Dead enliven the Living, wherby is meant; that Books, though the Authors therof be dead and rotten many Ages before, can beget new spirits in the living Reder.
Now, such is the state of Mankind, that the foresaid Passions will have their interchangable turns, they will follow one another as duly as Night succeeds Day in any Human Creture, be the Humors therof never so equally poiz'd; It is denied to Man to be always at Home within himself, and it will be so to the world's end as long as He is compos'd of the four Elements, and as long as the Naturall humors within Him sympathize with the said Elements, who are in restles mutation and motion among themselfs for mastery, which made one break out into this excesse of speech, that if the four Humors were ballanc'd aright in the human body, he wold live easily many thousands of years upon earth; Now, that person may be said to be the wisest among mortalls who can rule and controul those Humors, It being a Principle among the Philosophers, That as the conduct of the Passions (which arise from the Humors ) is the greatest prudence, so the conquest of them is the gretest prowesse, when they grow rebellious: The ensuing Work hath divers glances upon this subject, and variety of things besides, for every Section affords a new Fancy and Matter.
It remains now, Madame, that I shold humbly desire, your Honor would please to interpret this Dedicatory Addresse as a small argument of my great Acknowledgment of your so many noble Civilities, for which I stand so truly oblig'd; And this Acknowledgment standing upon so public a Record, the Ages to come as well as the present will testifie, how much I am and was,
My highly Honored Lady,Your most humble and devoted Servant, .

To the Severer sort OF REDERS.

SOm of the Antient Sages, who were rank'd among the Philosophers of the Upper House, had a Speculation, That the World was but one huge Animal or Living Creture, compos'd of innumerable members and parts, som Homogeneous or similar, others Heterogeneous or dissimilar; And in order to that they held, That God Almighty was the Great Soul which did inform and actuat the whole Bulk with motion and life, with vertu and vigor, for every part to perform its peculiar function towards the preservation of the Whole: According to this Doctrin an Argument may be drawn by way of Induction, That if the parts begin to impair, the Whole must be in a declining condition; It hath been a Truth which hath pass'd from all times without controul, that Mankind is one of the prime parts of the Universe and Paramount of the Sublunary World, which is demonstrable by that Dominion which was given him over all his fellow-Cretures in Aire, Water, or Earth; He can make the towring Eagle stoop to his Lure from the middle Region; He can make the vast Leviathan, though a hundred times bigger than himself, to flounce from the deep to do him homage on the Shore; He can make the Elephant, though forty times stronger than himself, to draw up his Ships on the Carine, and do other drudgeries; This appears also out of that Awe, which by a kind of naturall instinct all other Animals use to shew Him; Insomuch that tryall hath been made, how if a Man should go naked and with a confidence through the Arabian Desarts, where the gretest concours of wild Beasts useth to be, ther's none will assault him, but in a gazing and awfull kind of posture they will keep their distance: Now, if Man, who is so considerable a part of the world, doth decay in his Species, 'tis a shrewd symptom that the Whole is en decadence, in a declining state; Now, that Man doth impair as well in his Intellectualls and the Faculties of his Soul, as in the motions and affections of his heart, this present Age can afford more pregnant proofs than most of the Ages before; For touching the First, What fond futilous new Opinions have bin hatch'd of late times, both in Divinity and in the Idaeas of holy things, as well as in all other Sciences, specially in the Art of Policy, wherin such poor Sciolists are crept up, that wold turn antient Monarchies into new popular Commonwealths, and so set a Hydra's head upon an old Lion's neck, or make a Child's shoo to fit a Giant's foot.
Touching the motions of the Heart, ther's nothing of that love and offices of Humanity which were used to be, not onely among private persons and neighbours, but that Allegiance and Love which Subjects were us'd to shew towards their lawfull Prince decaies more and more, whereof ther have been strange examples of late years; In Aethiopia, a large antient Empire, the common peeple did rise up with a petty Companion against their Soveraign, and kill'd him with his two Sons in open field; In Constantinople, two Gran Signors were thrust out of the world by their own Slaves, yet they went not to that heighth of Impudence as to arraign Them before a Barr of Iustice; The Swed hath quite revolted from the Pole, the Portugues from the Spaniard, and so Naples wold have done; What a huge Army did the Basha of Aleppo raise lately? And in the Kingdom of Morocco a mean Fellow, under the seeming shew of Sanctity, what a crew of riff-raff stuff did he drag after him against his lawfull King? But touching these Northwest Ilands, they have out-gon all the rest: These metamorphos'd Animals do point at all these, and other degenerations of the Human Creture: Nor is it the first time that Beasts did speak, for we read of one in the Sacred Code who spoke ; and besides, sends in to som of Them for Instruction: The Phrygian Fabler was one of the first who taught them their Abcee, then , , and others taught Them Their Primer, and the two ingenious Florentines, Poggius and Gelli may be said to have taught Them their Grammer: But these transmuted Beasts speak in a louder Dialect, who having tryed both Natures, they tell the Human Creture his own, and how he growes daily from bad to worse, according to the Propheticall Lyric Poet,Aetas Parentum, pejor avis, tulit
Nos nequiores, mox daturos
Progeniem Vitiosiorem.

Made English thus. Our Fathers who worse than our Gransires were
Got Us worse than Themselfs; And We, I fear,
Will get worse than Them both: Such a sad curse
Hangs on Mankind to grow from Bad to Worse.

Poema Tempestivum.

TRees spake before, now the same strength of Art
Makes Beasts to cunn the Alphabet by heart,
And cutt their Breaths to sounds Articulat,
Discoursive congruous accents to prolate,
For Speech is Breath, breath Air let in and out,
But 'tis the Mind that brings the work about;
Such a rare Charter the World's Architect
Vouchsaf'd to give the Human Intellect
To create Words, for 'tis Mankind alone
Can Language frame, and syllabize the Tone.
But here Beasts speak, they mone, chide, and complain,
And at the Barr of Justice Men arraign;
Such are our crying sins, that Beasts resent
Our miseries, and wretched case lament:
Nor let it seem a wonder, because now
Wonders and Monsters so familiar grow,
This is an Age of Wonders, every Clime
Abounds with Prodigies, Ther is no Crime,
Not a notorious Villany or Fact,
No foul Infandous Thing, or ugly Act
That ever Adam's sons did perpetrate,
But we have flagrant Instances of late.
For Sacrilege, and horrid Blasphemies,
Base Lies, created Fears, and Perjuries,
For Scripture-pride, Extorsion, Avarice,
(The root of all our Ills, and leading Vice)
For public Fraud, false Lights, & fatuous Fires,
Fanatic Fancies clad in Faith's attire;
For Murther, and the crying sin of Blood,
The like but One was never since the Flood.
In summ, We may for these and thousands more
Vye Villanies with any Age before;
Which shews the World is Hecticall, and near
Its Gran and Fatal Climacteric year;
The whole Creation mourns, and doth deplore
The ruthfull state of Human kind; Therfore
If Men can not be warn'd when Men do Teach,
Then let them hearken here what Beasts do Preach.
In Formas mutata novas Mens dicere gestit
Corpora, & in primas iterum transversa Figuras.
Diî faveant coeptis—
J.H.

An Etymologicall Derivation of som Words and Anagrams in the Parly of Beasts, according to the ALPHABET.

A

AEtonia, the Eagles Countrey, represents High Germany, of αετοσ aquila .
Alpianarepresents Savoy, being a Countrey indented among the Alps.
Artonia, the Countrey of Bread and Wine, represents France, of αρτοσpanis & οινοσvinum.

C

Carboncia, the Coale-Countrey, representsScotland.
Cuprinia, the Copper-Countrey, represents Swethland.
TheCinqfoyl Portugal
Cardinal Mazarine, p. 21
The Coppices represents the common Peeple.
Cerano, the Anagram ofNocera, an ancient town in Italy.

D

Diogenes, p. 56
Sir Kenelm Digby, 148
Dr. Harvey, 141

G

Gheriona, the Countrey of Wool, representsEngland, ofγηterra & εριονlana.

H

Hydraulia, the Countrey of Waters, represents Holland, with the Confederate Provinces, ofύδωρ Aqua, andλαός populus.
Hebrinia, Ireland, being Hibernia, anagrammatiz'd.
The City of Hereford, p. 122
The Hollanders are meant, P. 72

L

Laroni, the D. ofLorrain.
London Prentices, p 44.

M

Marcopolis, the City of S.Mark, represents Venice ofπόλιςcivitas & Μᾶρκος.
Morphandra, a Queen that can transmute Men into Beasts, ofμορφεω formo & ανδρα hominem.

N

Nopolia, Polonia, anagrammatiz'd.

O

Orosia, a Mountainous Countrey, represents Wales, ofὄροςMons.
Oxford & Cambridge, p. 38

P

Pererius, a wandring Prince ofpererrando.
Polyhaima, the City of Bloud, represents London, ofπόλιςcivitas & αἷμαsanguis.
The Phrygian King, Mydas.
The late K. of Engl. p. 35
The present K. Ch.p. 39

Q

The Queen of Sweden, p. 114
Queen Elizabeth, p. 57

R

Rinarchus, the Palsgrave of the Rhine, ofαρχων, princeps, &c.
Rugilia, the State of Genoa, the Anagram of Liguria, the ancient appellation of that Territory.
Rainsborough, andAdmirallDean, 40
Roundheads variously tormented in Hell, ibid.
Rovena, the City of Verona in Lombardy, anagrammatiz'd.

S

Saturniarepresents Italy, , Sicilia, anagrammatiz'd.
The Standels represent the Nobles and Gentry.
Selenians, or half-Moon men, represent the Turks; of σεληνη, Luna.

T

Tumontia, a Countrey swelling with huge Hills, represents Spain
Tomanto Empire, the Dominions of the Great Turk; Tomanto being Ottoman, anagrammatiz'd.
Tarragon, Catalunia in Spaine, the ancientest town whereof is Tarragona.
Therlu, the Anagram of Luther.
Therologia, the language of Beasts; of θερ, fera; & λογοσ, sermo.

V

Volganians, the Moscovits, of the huge River Volga.

W

The West-Indies, p. 70

Z

Zundanians, the Peeple of Denmark.

θηρολογια The First Section.

Consisting of divers Interlocutions 'twixt Morphandra,Pererius, and an Otter, who had been first an Amstelian Mariner, and being proffer'd to be transmuted to his first nature by Morphandra, and to be transported by Pererius to his own Countrey, yet he would hearken to neither, alledging the strange Chimeraes, and extravagant Opinions which Human brains have been subject unto, in this latter Age of the World, &c.

Pererius.

MAy those starres be ever propitious which guided my cours to this coast! may those Winds be ever prosperous which fill'd my sayls, and blew me to this rare Iland, this Theater of Wonders! May this day be ever held Festival, and bear one of the chiefest Rubriques in the Almanack of Time,
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that makes me so happy with the sight of Morphandra, the divine Morphandra! And truly so, being descended in so direct a line from the high-born Circe, daughter of Sol, the admired Queen Morphandra! who useth to make Nature herself not only succumbent and passive to her desires, but actually subservient and pliable to her Transmutations and Changes.

Morphandra.

Prince Pererius (for so I understand your quality and appellation to be); Touching the first part of your speech, which reflects upon this place, we shall endeavour to make it good by the hospitality and entertainment we shal command to be given You and your Train, as also by the rare Objects which you shall see: But as for the second part of your speech, which relates to my self, and to the power of Transmutations; I must tell you, that what I act this way, is by a special dispensation from above, for the punishment of Humane vice in an analogical or sympathetic way, according to the quality thereof, and the humors of the men: I say, it is by the permission and Fiat of the Almighty, the great God of Nature, that I do operat, not by any prestigious charmes, or confederacy with Cacodaemons; not by fascinations or philtres, by spels or sorceries, as the shallow-pated common people imagine I do, and so traduce me of Witchcraft, and Negromancy; yet, I confess, 'tis by way of Magick I act; for Magick was the first Philosophy among those acute Nations which are neerest the rising Sun, so that Magus or Magitian signified nothing else but a Wiseman, which afterwards came to be traduced, and taken in an ill sense; As it hath been the fate of Tyrant, Sophister, and other words besides, to incurre the same destiny, and I pray the same destiny may not befall the word Parlement.

Pererius.

Most excellent Queen, now that my Starrs have made me so fortunat, as to conduct me hither, let it not be held to great a presumption, if for the enriching of my knowledge, and satisfying my curiosity, I
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humbly desire to see some of those Human Cretures that you have anthropomorphos'd, and transform'd to brute Animals.

Morphandra.

I shall willingly comply with your curiosity and desire in this kind; for you shall not only be brought to the sight of them, but you shall mingle speech with them, and interrogat what you shall think fitting concerning their present condition.

Pererius.

But, Madam, how can that be? how can I expect that they should be capable of what I speak, and consequently What answers or replies shall I hope to receive from them, while they continue in the shapes of brute cretures?

Morphandra.

I have my share of that contentment you speke of: But what successe have you had in your design, of working upon his inclinations to becom Man again, and so return to his Country and Calling?

Pererius.

Madame, I have had conference with him of both, but he seems to undervalue, or rather abhorr the one, as much as the other, preferring the Species, and present state he lives in under your Dominion, to the state and former essence of a Man. Yet I am confident, that if you please to extend your favor further towards me, that I may mingle discours with som other, and put him in a capacity to hear, understand, and answer me, I am confident, I say, that I shall prevail with him, to be re-invested in his first Beeing.

Morphandra.

I espie upon the flank of that hillock an Asse, whom I remember to have transmuted from an ArtonianPeasan to that figure you see him in, whom I will re-indue with Reson and Ratiocination to hearken unto your perswasions accordingly: And if you can prevail with him, he shall put on his first Nature again; But as the power comes from me, so the will must proceed from himself to work this effect.

Pererius.

Madame, you will perform hereby the part of an Angel, for I never heard of any Asse that ever spoke (unlesse it were in Fables) but of one, and that was at the appearance of an Angel, which was by way of tru Miracle.

Morphandra.

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Asse.

'Tis very tru, I remember well they are proverbs us'd in our Country, but the last shews much the temperance of our Species, for we do not eat or drink but when we are a thirst or hungry, for the restauration of the parts that are lost, that is when nature requires it; But you use to gourmandize it upon full stomacks, to force carowses and Whole-ones untill you be full up to the very throat, and so transform your selves to worse then Asses, so that oft-times neither hand nor foot can do their duty: which we never do.

Pererius to himself.

It is a strange and strong incantation that holds this poor Animal in this brutality, I will by the favor of Morphandra try a conclusion next upon som other of a quicker apprehension, and one who had liv'd in a more plentifull and contented train of life whiles he was Man.

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θηρολογια The Third Section.

Consisting of a Dialog 'twixt Morphandra, Pererius, and an Ape, who had been once a Preachman in Gheriona, who having been carried away with every wind of Doctrine, and following any fanatic new-fangl'd opinion, was transmuted to that mimicall shape; In which Dialog ther is an account given of the sad case and confusion, wherein Gheriona is involv'd at present, &c.

Morphandra.

I Saw you somwhat earnest in banding arguments with that Asse, but how have you sped? doth he desire to be disasinated, and becom Man again, as I promised he should be, provided his will concurred therunto?

Pererius.

Truly, Madame, I find the old proverb tru, that he who washeth an Asse's head doth lose both time and sope; But, these two Animalls I have treated withall, liv'd in a poor ignorant condition when they were Men: I humbly desire I may mingle speeches with some transmuted Animals, who when they were Rationall cretures did live in plenty, and at ease, and who were bred up in knowledg.

Morphandra.

You shall have your desire, and in that Grove I spie an Ape, who was once a prick-ear'd Preachman in Gheriôna, whom for his mimicall foolish humour, and following any new fond fatuous opinion, I
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thought it proper to transmute to that shape; Besides, I turn'd him to that long-tail'd beast, because they of his country are called Stertmen that is men with long-tailes, for which ther is both Tradition and Story; He came hither Chaplain to a Frigot, and had not the ship quickly tack'd about and got away, I had transfigur'd all the rest.

Ape.

By the earnestnes of your looks and gazing, I believe you would speak with me, therefore I pray what's your pleasure?

Pererius

Poor Ape, thou art an object of much pitty; Queen Morphandra hath been pleased to discover unto me that thou wa'st once a man, and born in Gheriona, a noble Country, and a Nation of no lesse esteem.

Ape.

'Tis tru, the Country is good, but she may be said to be now like Lucian's sick Eagle, shot and pittifully wounded with shafts of her own feathers, Gheriona never shewed she had in her as much to make her happy, as she shews now to make her self unhappy; I fear me, there be som further dreadfull judgments, as the Famine and the Pestilence hanging over her: for it hath been observed that those three scourges of Heven, λιμοσ, λοιμοσ, and πολεμοσ, the Famine, the Plague, and the civill Warrs are consecutif, and use to follow one another, though the last hath got the start of the other two; But concerning the peeple, I verily believe ther were never any so far degenerated since the Devill had to do with mankind, never any who did fool and puppifie themselfs into such a perfect slavery and confusion; You seem to pitty my transfiguration from Man to Ape, but their case is to be much more resented, for they are turned from Men to Wolfs, if you go to their humours, ther's a tru Lycanthropy among them, els they wold never worry and devour one another in so savage a manner; All which proceeds from a sad disease which hath seiz'd upon many thousands of them, it is a pure Scotomia, an odd
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kind of Vertigo that reigns amongst them, which turns the head round, and fills it with new chimera's ever and anon; 'Tis tru that my country-men were ever observ'd to be inconstant in the fashion of their cloathing, in their outward comportment and garbs, which proceeded from Imitation more then naturall Inclination; But this mimicall apish humor hath extended of late years not onely to their externall habits, but to the inward habitudes of their minds, and taken hold of their Intellectualls, by being carried away with every wind of Doctrine, and fanaticall newfangled opinions, blown over from other Countreys, and then multiplying amongst them; For though my countrey-men have not any great Genius to invent, yet 'tis observ'd they have a faculty to add to any new invention; and if any new odd opinion in Holy things hath once taken footing among them, they will make it run upon more feet; Now it is in Divinity as in Philosophy, Uno absurdo dato sequuntur mille, One absurdity being granted a thousand will follow, as Aristotle the Philosophers-Pope doth affrim, for Errors like ill weeds do grow apace; And truly I must confesse, that this apish humor had seiz'd strongly upon me, which made me distrub the peace of the holy Church wherin I was born, baptized, and bred, which made Queen Morphandra to transform me justly to this shape you see, being entertain'd Chaplain to a Man of War that arriv'd at this Island, though I had been sensible of mine own errors a good while before.

Pererius.

I know well that there was in Gheriona a comely face of a Church; Ther were such solemnities, venerations, and decencies us'd, that might discover som piety in the practice of holy duties; Ther was a public Liturgy that link'd the souls of the whole Nation in an unanimity, wherin ther were such pithy patheticall prayers that reached all occasions, and searched every crany in the conscience; The Sacraments were administred with a fitting posture of reverence, and genuflexion, yet far from any superstition; God's houses
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were kept neat, cleanly, and in repair; There was such a prudent handsom Government, such degrees of promotion, such possessions annex'd to the Church, that made them of that holy function not onely to be esteem'd and reverenc'd, but to be able to do deeds of charity; But now I hear ther's crept up such a nasty race of miscreants, who have no more esteem of God Almighty's House than of a Pig-sty, who have turn'd a pretended Superstition to a palpable Prophanenes, who have plunder'd all that belong'd to pious uses, who have nothing of that veneration, that sweetnes, and comfort that useth to attend tru devotion, which is turn'd to a giddy zeal, or a kind of lust still after more learning, as if Christianity had no consistence or certainty, no sobriety; or end of knowledg, wherin the inward man might acquiesce; These poor simpletons pretending to imitate the Apostles time wold have the same form of Discipline and Mode to govern whole Nations, as it did at first a Chamber-full of men in the Infancy of the Christian Church; They wold mak the same coat serve our Saviour at five and twenty years, as fitted him at five: But you were speaking of other dreadfull judgments that you believe were hanging over Gheriona, and what are the resons that induce you to that belief?

Ape.

I remember when I had a human shape I was much addicted to the reading of History, which is a profitable knowledge, for the observation of former actions may serve to regulat the future; I took notice of a world of examples that the two nefandous crimes of Sacrilege and Perjury never went unpunished without some signall judgments; Among divers other these two do reign and rage in Gheriona more then they ever did in any Country under the cope of Heven, and must she not then expect the vialls of a just vengeance to fall down upon Her from above? But that you may better understand the state of that calamitous Country, that Country of confusion, I will recount to you what befell me before my transmutation.

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Perertus.

You will oblige me beyond measure, if you impart unto me what you intend, and I shall listen unto you with much patience, and no lesse contentment.

Asse.

It chanc'd one night I had a strange unusuall Dream, I had fallen into so sound a sleep, as if the Cinq-ports (my five outward senses) had been trebly lockt up; My Animula vagula blandula, my little wandring soul made a sally out of Morpheus Horngate, as she uses to do often, and fetch vagaries apart, to practise how she may live by her self after our dissolution, when she is separated from the Body and becom a Spirit; I had all night long a world of visions, and strange objects appeerd unto me, which return now fresh into my memory; During the said time I thought I was transported to the remotest place, and of the greatest distance that possibly could be from Heven, me thought I was in the Infernall pit, in the kingdom of darknesse, in Hell it self among the devills and damned spirits, I had neither that golden branch, nor the help of a Sybilla Cumana to conduct me up and down as the Trojan Prince had, but a spirit did lead me gently and softly all along untill I came to Pluto's Palace, where a speciall Councell was held to take a strict examination what service the three infernall Furies, Alecto, Tisyphone, and Megaera, with other inferiour Fiends that were their assistants, had done upon earth towards the advancement of the kingdom of darknesse since their last mission thither, which was presently upon the appeerance of the last blazing Star 1618. Pluto vouchsafed to be present at this solemn Councell, and to be President or Chair-man himself, to which purpose he had a strong Legion of Cacodaemons for his gard, but the busines was prepar'd and facilitated for his hearing beforehand by a speciall Committee appointed of purpose for that end (whence I observed, that Committees were first hatch'd in Hell) The three gastly Daughters of Night appeered with fiery conntenances before the Stygian
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King, in lieu of air they evaporated huge flakes of fire which they took in, and let out with the accents of their words, huge bunches of Vipers hung dangling and wavring about their heads, having their tayls rooted in their sculls; A furious clash fell betwixt them who should be Prolocutrix, but in regard that Alecto and Tisyphone had given account of their former missions, the one of the League in Artonia, the other of the Revolt of the Hydraulian, which was about the appearance of the Comet in the tayl of Cassiopaea, it came now in due turn that Megaera should have the priority of speech; So the youngest of the Tartarean girls began as followeth.
May it please your high phlegetontic Majesty to understand, that since the last happy Comet Anno 1618. which by the parallax was found to be in the Heven it self above the Elementary world, we have for forty years together been more active and eager in your Majesty's service than ever we were; We have stirred the humors of the foolish Inhabitants of the earth to insurrections, to warr and praeliation; To effect which, our practise hath been to bring on the beggarliest and toughest peeple upon the nicest and softest, we brought the Cuprinian upon the Aetonian, and the Zoundanian, the Tarragon, and Cinqfoyl upon the Tumontian, the Tartar upon the Chinois, the Selenian upon the Marcopolist, the Cosaque upon the Pole, the Carboneian upon the Gherionian; We have continued a bloody lingring Warr in the bowells of Artonia for thirty years together, we have thrust divers Princes out of their antient Inheritances, among others the Duke of Laroni and Rhinarchos, we brought two gran SelenianEmperours to be strangled by their own slaves, we have often puzzled Vinalia, we have made the Kings of Artonia and Tumontia to bandy so fiercely one against the other, as if the one had been an Infidell the other a Iew, though each of them had one another's sister abed with him every night. But may it please your Acherontic Majesty to be inform'd, that the most advantageous and signall services we have done, have bin in
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the lsles of Gheriona and Hebrinia, for whereas we divided our selfs before, and went singly among other peeple, we went joyntly thither all three, and brought a Regiment of fiery red-coated Cacodaemons to guard us, because we might be sure to bring our great work home to your Majesty's aime; The Nation fittest for our turn at first were the Carboncian, who have bin so obedient to their Kings, that of above a hundred they brag of, scarce two parts of three died in their beds, but were made away violently; We did incite them first against their own Country-man and Native King, and to appear in a daring high hostile manner before him upon the borders; At which time it cost us a great deal of artifice so to besot the Gherioniams, and to abase their courage, so to entangle them with Factions, having sure Confidents to that end among them, that they durst not present Battle to the Carboncian at that time; And this, Sir, was an important piece of service, for had they fought then, or had they bin sensible afterwards of the dishonour they received at that time, their King being then amongst them in person, with the flower of his Nobility and Gentry, and consequently had they stuck to him afterwards to have vindicated that rebellious affront, all those we have fomented since might have bin prevented.
We shortly after transmitted the same spirit of Insurrection into Hebrinia, who being encouraged by the good successes of the Carboneian, who got then what tearms he listed, yet could he not sit quiet; and the Hebrinian Commissioners being but harshly entertain'd by the great Councell of Gheriona, who intended to send them over a Governour that should pinch them more than they were before in their consciences, and for divers other provocations, we caus'd the Hebrinian also to rise in blood, which he did to som purpose; Then came we to work upon the Gherionian, whom we found as fit to receive our impression as flax is to receive fire, in regard of their long Furseit of peace and plenty; We broke up one great
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Assembly upon a suddain, because the members therof were not for our turn, But then we call'd another which was fit for our purpose, and we steer'd their courses all the while with a great deal of care; The first thing we did was to endue them with a faculty to create fears and jealousies, whereof we made excellent use, and although those fears and jealousies appeared afterwards to every common man as plain as the nose on his face to be but meer forgeries, and supposititious things, yet we did still so intoxicat their intellectualls, that we made them to adore still the coyners of them; And to give your Stygian Majesty among divers others, one most pregnant and undeniable demonstration what firm footing we got in that Island, we did raise in few years more Pythonesses, which the ignorant vulgar call Witches there, then ever were in that Country since your Majesty tempted Eve; and we enabled our said Pythonesses to send their inferiour Imps abroad upon our service; We stood at the King's elbow when he pass'd the Act of continuance, wherein a Carboncian was our chief Engineer; But the great City Polihaima stood us in most excellent steed to compasse our designes, we made the riffraff and rakehells of that wanton City, whom som call'd Myrmidons, others their Bandogs, to rabble the King out of Town, we brought also thither the silly Swains of the Country like a flock of Geese to gaggle up and down the streets with papers in their hats they knew not about what; We managed the businesse afterwards so dextrously, and did aggravate things by degrees, that we made their credulous King, because he was so profess'd an enemy to your Majesty, to go disguis'd in serving-man's habit to his Country-men the Carboncians, with whom we prevail'd so far, that they delivered him over as a Sacrifice, and betraid him Iudas like to the Gherionians, who crucified him sufficiently afterwards by tossing and tumbling him up and down, by depriving him of the comfort of all things that use to be dear unto man, as his wife, children, friends, and servants, by working upon his
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conscience in a compulsatory way, and stretching it upon the very tenter; In summe, we have reduc'd that Country to a conformity with this of your Majesties, to a perfect Chaos of all confusion, we have brought the sway into the common peeples hands, making all the Nobility and Gentry to crouch and cringe unto them; And never did common peeple more truly act the part, and discover the genius of a common peeple more lively, whose nature is still thirsting after novelties, and Utopian Reformations, though oftentimes they fool themself thereby into a a baser kind of slavery, finding when 'tis too late those specious idaea's, and confus'd forms of Government they apprehended at first, and hugg'd in their own conceits, to be at last but meer absurdities, when they com to the application and practise therof.
And, Sir, the most advantageous instruments we have us'd to bring all this about have bin the Pulpit and the Presse, by these we diffus'd those supposititious fears and jealousies, formerly spoken of, to distract the brains of the silly vulgar; Instead of Lights we put Firebrands in their Churches, who, according as we did dictat unto them, did baul out nothing but sedition, war, and blood; We have made som of them to have as good an opinion of the Alchoran as of their own Liturgy; We made new Ordinances to batter down all the antient Canons of the Church, we have made them to un-saint all those who were call'd Apostles, to prophane and plunder all places that were consecrated, we brought som of them to put a division 'twixt the Trinity it self, we have brought them to keep their Fasts more solemnly than the Sabboth, upon which day we made them usually not onely to sit in Councell, but to put in execution their chief designs of blood; To work all this, the main and most materiall thing we made use of was spirituall pride your Majesty's old acquaintance, which pride we have infus'd into the mind of every Mechanic, or Country-Swain, who will boldly now undertake to expound any Text of Scripture new or
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old upon the warrant of his own giddy brain; Insomuch that we have made that Book which they call the Bible, that was ordained for the Charter of their Salvation, to be the chiefest instrument of their Damnation; We have brought those exotic wordsPlundring and Storming, and that once abominable word Excise to be now familiar among them, they are all made free Denizens, and naturaliz'd among them; We have made those who came petitioners for peace to the great Councill to be ill intreated, and som of them to be murther'd, but those that came for warr to be countenanc'd and thank'd; We made the mother to betray her child, the child the father, the husband the wife, and the servant his master; We have brought a perfect Tyranny over their souls and bodies, upon the one, by tedious imprisonments and captivity, with a forfeiture of all their livelihoods before conviction, or any preceding charge, upon the other, by forcing them to take contradictory Oaths, Engagements, and Protestations; On that foolish superstitious day of Christmas, with other Festivals, we have brought them to shut up their Churches, and to open their Shops and Shambles, so that in time they will forget the very memory of the Incarnation of their Saviour; We have brought them to have as little reverence of their Temples as of their Tap-houses, and to hold the Church to be no more than a Charnell-house of rotten bones; And though they still cringe and stand bare-headed before any wrangling Bench of common pleading, yet we have so stiffned their joynts, and made their heads so tender in that which they call God's House, that there, they can neither bow the one, nor scarce uncover the other; We have made the fundamentall Laws to be call'd but meer formalities; We have made that which was call'd their Great Charter to be torn to a thousand flitters, and stretcht the priviledge of the Commons so wide, that it hath quite swallowed the Royall Prerogative, and all other priviledges; We have grub'd up, and cast away those hopefull Plants that grew in
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their two Seminaeries of Learning, and set in them graffs of our own choice; We have made the wealth of Town and Country, of Poor and Rich, to shine in plunder upon the Souldiers backs; We have made them command free-quarter of those, that were more sitting to ask alms of them; We have made them rifle the Monuments of the dead, to rob the very Lazaretro, to strip the Orphan and Widow; We have made them offer violence to the very Vegetables and inanimat Stones, to violat any thing that was held holy, to make Socks of Surplices, to water their beasts at the Font, and feed them on the Altar, and to term the thing they cal the Sacrament to be but a two-penny Ordinary; We have made them use on the close stoole that Book wherein the public Devotion of the whole Nation consisted; In fine, we have made them turn supposed superstition to gross prophaness, preaching to prating, praying to raving, government to confusion, and freedom to fetters; We have so intoxicated that dear daughter of yours Polihaima, that she knows not what way to turn her self; And whereas her Apprentices did rise up like so many Cubs of Tygers against their lawfull Prince, they are now becom as came as so many silly sheep against the Souldiery; We have puzzled their Pericranium with vertiginous fancies, and fears among themselfs, that one neighbour dare not trust the other; To conclude, we have eclipsed the glory of that Nation, we have made them by all peeple far and neer that ever had knowledg, correspondence, or any commerce with them, to be pittied by som, to be laugh'd at by others, to be scorn'd of all, and to becom the very tail of all Nations; In fine, Sir, we have brought that Country to such a passe of confusion, that it is a fit place onely for your infernall Majesty to keep your Court in, for ther's never a Crosse there to fright you now: 'Tis tru they retain it still upon their coines of gold and silver, in honour of your Plutonian Highnesse as you are Dis and god of riches.
Megaera having thus given up an account in behalf
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of her self and her two sisters, they all bowed their snaky heads down to their very feet, which were toed with Scorpions, before the black Throne of Beelzebub, who giving such a humm that made all Hell to tremble, answered thus,
My pretious and most trusty Tartarean daughters, we highly approve of the super-erogatory service you have don us for the propagation of our Empire upon Earth, and specially in Gheriona; we have sued a long time to have a lease of that Iland, and we hope to obtain it, touching Carboncia 'tis not worth the while; Therfore when you have visited those of that Nation whom you have sent hither already to peeple this pit, I would have you return thither, and prepare that place for one of our principall habitations, never leave them till you have thrust out Religionem ex solo as well as Regem ex solio; make Law, Religion, Allegiance, and every thing els Arbitrary, let not one government last long, but shuffle the Cards so that a new Trump may be turnd up often, create still new fears, and foment fresh divisions among them; let the son seek the fathers throat, let brothers sheath their swords in one anothers bowells, let the Country clash with the Towns, the Towns one against the other, and the Sea with both, till that the whole Nation be at last extinguished that one may not be left to pisse against a wall; Let not a Church or Chappell, Hospitall or Colledge stand in the whole Isle. I intend to have a new Almanack of Saints at my comming, for I have som Star-gazers there fit for my purpose; Make haste therefore, and acquit your selfs of your duty for fear a peace be shuffl'd up, and that Artonia and Tumontia appeer in the busines, and espouse the quarrell of young Caroloman; And if you carry your selfs well in this employment, I may chance give you Carboncia for your reward.
The three LetheanFuties with a most profound reverence replied, May it please your Majesty, your Ferriman Charon is continually so pestered with such multitudes of Gherionian and Carboncian passengers,
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that we were forc'd to stay a long time ere we could be transported hither, and we fear we shall be so hindred again. Therfore we most humbly desire for our better expedition, that you would vouchsafe to give us a speciall Mandamus that we may be serv'd first, with a non obstante, when we com to the banks of Styx.
You shall dear daughters, said Pluto, and my Warrant shall be addrest to som GherionianTarpalins, wherof ther are abundance these few years past, whom Charon hath entertaind for his journey-men.
Having listned all this while unto what pass'd 'twixt Pluto and his Furies, my guiding spirit did lead me up and down Hell to see the various sorts of torments that are there, which indeed are innumerable both old and new; The first I beheld was Ixion who was tyed with ugly Vipers to a wheel that whirl'd about perpetually, and I might perceive a multitude of lesser wheels newly made therabouts, wherunto great nombers of Gherionians, and divers of my acquaintants were bound in like manner; I might discern also hard by a huge company of new Windmills, and bodies tyed with black-spotted Snakes at every wing turning round perpetually; A little further ther were a great many broken by Milstones who were whirl'd with them about incessantly; In another place I might see black Whirlpools full of tormented souls turning still round, I asked what was the reson of so many whirling tortures? My good Spirit answered, All these, except Ixion's wheel, are new torments appointed for GherionianSectaries, who had destroyed from top to bottom all Government both of Church and State, And as their brains turn'd round upon earth after every wind of Doctrine, so their souls turn here in perpetuall torments of rotation.
A little further I spied Prometheus removed thither from Caucasus, with a ravenous Vulture tearing and feeding upon his liver, which as one part was eaten, renewed presently after, and abundance of new commers were tormented in the same manner, these
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I was told they were Gherionians also that were punishd like Prometheus, because as he was tortured so for stealing fire from Heven, by which was meant for prying too far into the secrets of the gods, so those fiery Zelots of Gheriona were tortured, for offring to dive too far into the high points of Predestination, Election, and Reprobation, being not contented sapere ad sobrietatem, but were gaping ever and anon after new lights, and flashes of illuminations to pry into the Book of Life.
Then I came to the bottomles Tub which Danaus daughters were a filling, a nomberles company of other such tubs were there, and Gherionian women and men were incessantly labouring to fill them up with the stenchy black waters of Acheron; I was told that they were those over-curious peeple in Gheriona which wold be never satisfied with spirituall knowledg, having no other devotion than to be alwaies learning, and never comming to the truth, as these poor restlesse fillers could never come to any bottom.
Then I beheld the most horrid tortures of those Giants who wold have pulld Iupiter out of his Throne, and a world of Gherionians among them, who partaked of the same tortures, because they had conspir'd on earth to destroy their lawfull King.
Not far further I might spy dazling my eyes fiery glowing tubs made Pulpit-like, and I was told they were prepared for those prophane presumptuous Mechanicks, and other lay-men who use to preach, and so abuse the sacred Oracles of God; And Uzza was not far off, who lay in torments there for being too bold with the Holy Ark.
Not far distant I saw hoops of iron that were made Garter-like of hot candent steel, I was told that they were design'd for the perjur'd Knights of that Order in Gheriona to wear upon their legs when they com thither, for breaking in the late war the solemn Oath they had taken at their Installment, to defend the Honour and Quarrells, the Rights and Dignities of their Soverain, &c.
Nere unto them I might see brasse hoops glowing
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with fire, and they were Scarfs-like, I was told they were ordained for those Knights of the Bath to wear for Ribbands next their skins when they came thither, for infringing that sacred Sacramentall Oath they took at their election, which was, To love their Soverain above all earthly creture, and for his Right and Dignity to live and die.
A little beyond I saw a Copper-table with chairs of the same, all candent hot, I was told that those were for perjur'd Privy-Councellors who had broke their Oath to their King, which obliged them to be tru and faithfull servants unto him, and if they knew or understood any manner of thing to be attempted, done, or spoken against his Majestie's Person, Honour, Crown, or Dignity, they swore to lett and withstand the same to the uttermost of their power, and cause it to be revealed either to Himself, or any other of his Privy Councill.
Hard by I saw a little Furnace so glowing hot, that it lookt of the colour of a Ruby or Carbuncle, I was told that it was to clap in the Master of a King's Jewellhouse when he comes thither, for being so perfidious and perjurious to his Master.
Not far off I might see a huge brasse Caudron full of molten lead, with som Brewers cruelly tormented therein, for setting their own Country on fire.
I was curious to know, whether ther were any other infernall tortures besides those of fire; Yes, I was answered, for to speak of fire to a peeple habituated to a cold Climat were not onely to make them slight Hell, but to have a mind to go thither; So my Spirit brought me a little Northward, and shewed me a huge Lough, where ther were frosted Mountains up and down, and I might discover amongst them a world of Blew-caps lying in beds of yce, with their noses and toes nipt, the isicles stuck to their fingers ends like horns, and a bleak hispid wind blew incessantly upon them, they made the most pitteous noise that me-thought I had heard in all Hell, for they wawl'd, screech'd, and howl'd out ever and anon this dismall note, Wea is me, wea is me that ever I betraid my gid King.

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Among all those damned souls I desired to see what punishment an Atheist had, my Spirit was ready to answer me, that ther were no Atheists in Hell at all; 'tis tru they were so upon Earth before they came hither, but here they sensibly find and acknowledge ther is a God by his justice and judgments, for ther is here poena sensûs and poena damni, ther is inward and outward torture, The outward torments you behold are nothing so grievous as the inward regrets and agonies the souls have, to have lost Heven wherof they were once capable, and to be eternally forsaken by their Creator the Lord of Light, their chiefest Good; Add hereunto that they know these torments to be endlesse, easelesse, and remedilesse; Besides these qualities which are incident to the damned souls, they have neither patience towards themselfs in their own suffrances, nor any pitty towards others, but their natures is so accursed that they wish their neighbours torments were still greter then their own; Moreover their torments never lessen, or have any mitigation by tract of time, or degrees of sense, but they persevere alwaies in the same heighth, they are still fresh, and the soul made stronger to bear them; I saw that everlasting Villain who committed one of the first sacriledges we read of, by burning the Temple of Diana, whose torments were so fresh and cruciatory upon him, as they were the first day he was hurl'd in thither; Iudas was in the same degree and strength of torture as he was the first moment he fell thither; Iack Cade, Wat Tyler, Iack Straw, and Ket the Tanner did fry as fresh as they did that very instant they were tumbled down thither; Amongst whom it made my heart to melt within me when I saw som of their new-com'd Countrymen amongst them, wherof I knew divers; And though society is wont to be some solace to men in mi sery, yet they conceived no comfort at all by these fresh companions.
It is high time for us now, said my good guiding Spirit, to be gone to the other world, so we directed our cours towards the Ferry upon Styx; But Lord
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what a nomber of lurid and ugly squalid countenances did I behold as I pass'd; There was one sort of torment I had not seen before, ther were divers that hung by their toungs upon posts up and down, I asked what they were, answer was made, that they were prick-ear'd Preachmen, Iudges, and Lawyers, who against their knowledg as well as against their consciences, did seduce the ignorant peeple of Gheriona and Carboncia, and incite them to war; And ther was a new tenter-hook provided for one gran Villain, who pronounced Sentence of death against his own Soverain Prince, whose Subject he was, and whom by a sacred Oath of Allegiance he was tyed to obey.
A little further I might see multitudes of Committee-men and others, slopping up drops of molten lead in lieu of French Barly-broth, with a rabble of Apprentices sweeping the gutters of Hell, with brooms tufted with ugly Adders and Snakes, because they running into the Wars and leaving their wares, had therby broke their Indentures with their Masters, and their Oaths of Allegiance to their lawfull Prince.
Passing then along towards the Ferry, a world of hideous shapes presented themselfs unto my sight; There I saw corroding cares, pannick fears, pining griefs, ugly rebellion, revengefull malice, snaky discord, oppression, tyranny, disobedience, perjury, sacriledge, and spirituall pride (the sin that first peepled Hell) put to exquisit torments; Couches of Toads, Scorpions, Asps, and Serpents were in a corner hard by; I asked for whom they were prepared, I was answered, for som Evangelizing Gherionian Ladies, which did egg on their husbands to War; So having as I thought by a miraculous providence charm'd three-headed Cerberus, by pointing at him with the signe of the Crosse upon my fingers, we passed quietly by to the Ferry, where being com I found tru what Pluto had said before, that ther were divers Gherionian Tarpalins entertain'd by Charon, but they were in most cruell tortures, for their bodies were covered all over very thick and close with canvases pitch'd and
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tarr'd, which continually burnt and flam'd round about them.
Herewith I got awake again about the dawning of the day, and it was high time to do so; For lo, the golden Orientall gate
Of gray-fac'd Heven 'gan to open fair,
And Phoebus like a Bridegroom to his Mate
Came dancing forth, shaking his dewy hair,
And hurls his glittring beams through gloomy air.
So Rest to Motion, Night to Day doth yield,
Silence to Noise, the Starrs do quit the field,
My Cinq-ports all fly ope, the phantasy
Gives way to outward objects, Ear and eye
Resume their office, so doth hand and lip;
I hear the Carrmans wheel, the Coachmans whip,
The prentice (with my sense) his shop unlocks,
The milkmaid seeks her pail, porters their frocks,
All cries and sounds return, except one thing,
I heard no bell for Mattens toll or ring.
Being thus awak'd, and staring on the Light
Which silverd all my face and glaring sight,
I clos'd my eyes again to recollect
What I had dreamt, & make my thoughts reflect
Upon themselfs—

I say, that having after such a long noctivagation, and variety of horrid visions, return'd to my perfect expergefaction, I began by a serious recollection of my self to recall to my thoughts by way of reminiscence those dismall and dreadfull objects that had appeerd unto me, for though I was in Hell, yet I did not taste of Lethe all the while, insomuch that I did not forget any thing which I had seen; All the said objects presented themselfs unto me so reall, that if I had bin transported with that opinion wherof many great Clerks have bin, viz. That Devills are nothing els but the ill affections, the exorbitant passions and
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perturbances of the minde; I say, if I had bin plac'd in such an opinion, this trance wold have convinc'd me; You may easily imagin what apprehensions of horror these Apparitions left in my brain behind them, just as a River when by an inundation she hath swel'd out of her wonted channell, doth use to leave along the neighbouring medowes seggs and other weeds with much riffraff stuff behind her upon her return to her former bed; so did this Vision after that deluge of objects wherwith my brain was overwhelm'd for the time, leave behind them black sudds, and many a ghastly thought within me, which after some ruminations wrought in me a perfect change and detestation of those mimicall giddy opinions wherwith I was carried away before, but while I delayed the time of declaring my self that way, I was suddenly surprized, and justly transmuted to this shape and species.

Pererius.

You may perceive by the effects of this visional Dream the excellency and high prerogatives of the Human Soul, who by the ministry of the Imagination can make such sallies abroad, that leaving the grosse tabernacle of the body she can at plesure climb up to the skies, and make a Scale of the stars to conduct her to the Empyrean Heven; she can also descend in a trice to the great Abysse, and take a survey of the kingdom of darknes, And though it be a common Maxim that, ab Orco nulla redemptio, ther is no returning from Hell the passage thence being irremeable, yet the Rational soul while she informs the body hath this priviledg, that she can make egresses and regresses, she can enter and come off clear from Hell it self, when she list, and all this in an instant; Wherin she may be said to participat of that admired quality which is inhaerent in that most comfortable of all cretures the Light, which is held the Souverain of all sensible qualities by the Philosophers, and to com neerest to the nature of a Spirit, for Light requires but an instantaneous moment or point of time to perform
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its office of illumination, and to dilate it self from one Pole to the other throughout the whole Hemiphere, whence some infer that Light is incorporeal, because 'tis an unquestion'd principle among the Naturalists, that all bodies require a succession of time in their motion, which Light needs not; But ther is this difference 'twixt the Imagination of a human soul and Light, that ther be som places wherinto Light cannot enter, but ther is no part of the Universe so impervious where the Imagination may not make his accesses and recesses at plesure, as appeers by yours while you made that progresse during the time of that extasy; And now me-thinks that these, and other excellencies of the Rational soul should incite you to shake off that brutish nature, which hath no other idaea or object of happines, but what sense exposeth for the present time to corporeall things onely; I say the contemplation of what I said before shold move you to becom Man again.

Ape.

Man! Truly Sir, I am sorry the shape I now bear resembleth Man so much, I could wish it were far more unlike, for the horrid and unheard-of sacrileges and perjuries of my own Nation makes me abhor the very name of Man, much more his nature; For I dare confidently assert, that ther were never since the Devill had power to possesse poor Mortalls such Heteroclites in Religion, such a Bedlam of Sectaries, who to exalt the Kingdom of Christ wold heave it up on Beelzebub 's back, for 'tis the Devill's Reformation to turn order to confusion, and certainties to incertitudes as they have done; But these Refiners of Government will prove Quack-salvers at last, for in lieu of raising up a Common-wealth, they have pull'd down the two main Pillars which use to support all States, viz. Religion and Iustice, making both Arbitrary, and tumbling all things into a horrid disorder and hurliburly, insomuch that it may be truly said, these new sorts of Recusants did more hurt than ever the old could have don, if the subterranean plot of Nitre
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had taken effect; For that had onely destroyed som few of the Royall Race, of the Prelates and Peers then in being, but these hell-hounds have wholly extinguished and blown up all the three to perpetuity, and all this onely by the stench of their pestiferous breath; Nor have they offered violence to Religion onely, but they have affronted Reson it self, nay they have baffled Common sense; And for all this we may thank Carboncia, and Polihaima that rotten-hearted City, who like a fat cheese is so full of Maggots; And indeed what could be expected else from these pseudopolitians but disorder, confusion, and ataxy, considering how their first reach of policy was to throw the ball of discord 'twixt the Subject and his Souvrain, whom yet they had vowed to make the best belovedst Prince that ever was; Insomuch that darknesse it self is no more opposit to light, as their actions were diametricall to their words, oaths, and protestations.

Pererius.

Truly they are stupendous things that you have told me, but touching the difference you speak of that they did put 'twixt Prince and Peeple, it was the most compendious way to bring all things to confusion and ruine, to which purpose I shall relate unto you an Apolog; Ther hapned a shreud commotion and distemper in the Body Naturall 'twixt the Head and the Members, not onely the noble parts (many of them) but the common inferiour organs banded against Him in a high way of presumption; The heart which is the source of life with the pericardium about it did swell against him, the splene and gall flowed over, the liver gathered ill blood, all the humors turned to choller against him; the arms lifted up themselfs against him, neither back, hamms, or knees wold bow to him, nay the very feet offered to kick him; The ribbs and reins, the hypocondrium, the diaphragma, the miseraik and emulgent veins were fill'd with corrupt blood against him, nay the hypogastrium and the bowells made an intestine warr against him; While this feud lasted, it hapned that these tumultuarymembers fell out among themselfs,
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the hand wold have all the fingers equall, nay the toes wold be all of an even length, and the rest of the subservient members wold be Independent; They grew so foolish that they wold have the fundament to be where the mouth is, the brest where the back, the belly where the brain, and the yard where the nose is; The sholders shold be said to be no more backwards, nor the leggs downwards; a bloody quarrell fell out 'twixt the heart and the liver which of them received the first formation, and whether of the two be the chiefest shop of languification, which question bred so much gall 'twixt the Aristotelians and the Galenists; While this spleene and strange tympany of pride lasted, it causd such an ebullition and heat in the masse of blood, such a stiffnes in the cartilages and gristles, such a lanknes in the arteries, that it put the whole compositum in a high burning Feaver or kind of ravening Frenzy, which in time grew Hepticall, and so threatned a dissolution of the whole frame of the body.
'Tis to be feard that the same fate attends the Politicall body of your Nation as did the Naturall I spoke of; But matters may mend, and as you began to find a Reformation in your self before you were transmuted to this shape, so the whole Nation may come to their old temper again; Therfore you shal do well, now that you are invited by so pregnant an opportunity, and so reall a proffer, to shake off that Apish or Monky-fac'd figure you now wear, and resume the noble erect shape of Man, to look towards Heven, and be safely transported to the bosom of your own dear Country, where you may by your advantageous holy profession, do a great deal of good offices to your deluded Compatriots, by the contribution of your endeavours and talent, to reduce them to their right wits again, and so to the temper of their famous progenitors.

Ape.

Hinde.

Pererius.

page 117

θηρολογια The Ninth Section.

A Dialog 'twixt Morphandra, Pererius, and a Goat, consisting of many quaint Discourses both Naturall and Metaphysicall, with other Criticisms, &c.

Pererius.

MAdame, I could not take that VVolf by the ears to lead him home to his own Country, which he bitterly inveighs against; and against the humor of the peeple, as also against his former profession of a Souldier, tacitly intimating, that War is the chiefest seminary of Theeves, according to the proverb, La guerre fait les larrons, & la paix les ameine au gibet, War makes the Thief, and peace brings him to the gallows; Therfore he prefers rather to passe his life peaceably under your Government, than to be in Cuprinia, where of late years men are so press'd for the Warrs to serve the ambition of their Kings, that the whole Country is so drain'd, that ther's scarce any left but women, old men, and children; Therfore he is very well pleas'd with this lycanthropy.
But, Madame, I spy a bearded Animal nibling upon the brow of that crag, I desire by your favour to have som discours with him, for by his long beard he shold have bin som Philosopher, and so have more wit in him than other animals.

Morphandra.

You shall very willingly, but I will tell you what he was before; He was an Orosian born, and I transform'd him to that shape for being a Mountaineer, and for having aspiring thoughts, with other resons.

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Goat.

It may well be said to be so, for of late years ther were cull'd out within three miles compasse ten men that were a thousand years between them, one supplying what the other wanted of a hundred years apiece, and they danc'd the Morris divers hours together in the Market-place, with a Taborer before them 103 years old, and a Maid Mariam 105. But Orosia is much degenerated from what she was by the Gherionian Sectaries, who have infected the Inhabitants with so many pseudodoxall and gingling opinions, which is the recompence she receives from Gheriona for converting her first from an Infidell to be a Christian, yet she hath the impudence lately as to call her Heathenish; Moreover, she twits her ever and anon with Leeks and Cheese, though both tend, the one to the commendation of the Nation, the other of the Country; For wheras the Orosian doth use to wear the first in his hat constantly upon such a day, it is to commemorat the time that a famous Battle was fought, wherein other Nations that werein the Army ran away, but the Orosians stood to their ground, and got the day; Now, to signalize and distinguish themselfs from the Fugitifs, they took Leeks in their caps which grew in a Garden hard by; Besides, 'tis known how one of the acutest Nations on earth ador'd the Leek as one of his gods: Touching the other, to have Cheese enough is the mark of a fruitfull Country, and good pasture; This makes me tell you a facetious Epigram, To make a pure Orosian thirst for blisse,
And daily say his prayers on his knees,
Is to perswade Him that most certain 'tis
The Moon is made of nothing but green Cheese,
And then he'l ask of God no greter boon
Then place in Heven to feed upon the Moon.

Now, during the late combustions in Gheriona, which were causd by a fatuous fire that took hold of som frantic spirits, 'tis well known that the Orosian stood firm
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both to his Prince and Principles, till he was o're power'd by multitudes.

Pererius.

Well, will you put off that rammish and foetid carcase, and return to your first Principles of Nature, and I will safely conduct you towards your first home?

Goat.

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Pererius.

It is wholsome Policy indeed, if it be so as you say, to keep under such a crosse-grain'd and stubborn inconstant peeple.

Goose.

I will yet go further, this Rebellion in Carboncia caus'd another in Hebrinia her neighbour, as one fire brand doth use to kindle another; Examples move, and make strong impressions upon the fancy, Precepts are not so powerfull as Precedents to work upon human nature; The said example of the Carboncians did wonderfully operat upon the imagination of the Hebrinians, and fill'd them with thoughts of emulation, that they merited to have as good usage as the Carboncian, their Country being far more beneficiall, and consequently more importing the Gherionians, wherof many thousands had made firm and plentifull fortunes in her; Add hereunto, that the Hebrinians had far more grievances than the Carboncians (who really had none at all) for they were threatned to be more pinch'd in the exercise of their Religion; There was new Plantations intended to be made ther of Carboncians and Hydraulians; There was every day a scrutiny made of conceal'd Lands and dark defective Titles; There were new Imposts laid upon them; they remain'd incapable of any preferments in Church and State, whereas the Carboncians had Advancements and Offices every day in the Gherionian Court, and som of them admitted to sit at the Council-Table; These motifs impell'd the Hebrinians also to rise up in Arms, hoping they might speed as well as the Carboncian, who obtain'd what he pleas'd; So they rise up to som purpose, for many cruentous and horrid Massacres hapned on both sides, which took away hundreds of thousands; Now, all these things considered, will you have me return among the Carboncians again?

Pererius.

My principall proposall unto you is to turn Man again, and the Globe of the Earth is large, you may
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live in what Country you please; You may plant your self in Gheriona, a cheerfull and plentifull Country, and so be neerer the Sun.

Goose.

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Bee.

The operations of nature can hardly be quite suppress'd, but their motions are irresistible; nor are these naturall motions given by the Creator to our sex to be a torment unto us, but for delight, and being lawfully and moderatly us'd, they are destinated for the propagation of Mankind: Moreover ther is a saying, who fights against Nature fights against God himself, she being his Hand-maid.

Pererius.

I cannot deny but that Naturam sequi, est Deo obseque, to follow Nature is to obey God, yet as our gretest prudence is seen in the conduct of our naturall passions, so our gretest prowesse is seen in the conquest of them, when they grow exorbitant and rebellious; We need not seek for enemies abroad to exercise our valour upon, we have too too many within dores, we have enough of domestic and inmate enemies to cope withall.

Bee.

And will you have us to put on that nature again? But, Sir, besides what we spoke of before, ther was another thing that did torture us in that Monastic life, it was the apprehension of our captivity, being sequester'd and cut off as it were from the society of Mankind, & in a manner from the Living, 'twixt whom and us (in that state) ther was this difference, that they were to die before buriall, but we were buried before death; Now, ther is nothing so tedious to all natures as imprisonment, which we shew'd when we slept in the bosom of our Causes in our mothers wombs, whence we broke out to get liberty, and to be a Nun is as it were to go into a kind of womb again.

Pererius.

I, but ther you were in a kind of Angelicall condition amongst those walls, you learnt there how to lead the lifes of Angels upon earth, you were as so many fixed Starrs which being the higher are more noble, and nearer the throne of the Almighty, than the Planets, which wandring up and down never keep the same distance betwixt them.

2.

O glorious Angels who behold
The Lord of Light from Thrones of Gold,
Yet do vouchsafe to look on Man,
To be his Guide and Guardian,
Praying always that He may be
Partner of your felicity;
O blisfull Saints and Angells, may yee still
The Court of Heven with Halleluiahs fill.

3.

Seraphick Powers, Cherubs, Thrones,
Vertues and Dominations,
Supernall principalities,
Glories, and Intelligencies,
Who guide the cours of Starrs in sky,
And what in their vast Concaves lye:
May ye for ever great Jehovah's will,
And His commands throughout the world fulfill.

4.

Archangels who the most sublime degree
Do hold in the Triumphant Hierarchy,
And can endure to see, and face alone
The glorious Beatific Vision,
A joy which all joys else transcends so far
As doth a morning Sun the meanest Star.
Archangels, Angels, Saints, Souls sever'd, may yee stil
The Empyrean Court with Halleluiahs fill.

page 152
Infantium Cerebri Sextus Post Quadraginta.
Gloria laùsque Deo saeCLorVM in saecVla sunto.
A Chronogrammaticall Verse, which includes not onely this year 1660. but hath Numericall Letters enow to reach above a thousand years further, untill the year 2867.
—Heic Terminus esto.

x

Sample footnote title

Notes will look something like this.

The name of the annotator goes here.
x

Howell

The Anglo-Welsh historian and historiographer James Howell (c.1594-1666) is an iconic figure of the 17th-century republic of letters. He befriended numerous intellectual figures including Ben Jonson, Kenelm Digby, and William Harvey. He served time in prison for his Royalist views under the regime of Oliver Cromwell. He is best remembered for his Familiar Letters and for his four-language dictionary Lexicon Tetraglotton.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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senesco

Howell's motto, printed on the title-pages of most of his works, translates to "I grow old, I do not grow weary," a testament to his prolific publishing career.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Wilson

W[illiam?] Wilson was one of two known printers at the Palm Tree near Saint Dunstan's Church in Fleetstreet, where Howell published in quick succession Therologia and the fourth edition of his prophetic work on the late Long Parliament entitled Philanglus (1660) and a re-print of Dodona's Grove. The other printer is known to history only as T. L. For a comprehensive bibliography, see Joseph Jacobs's The Familiar Letters of James Howell(London, 1892).

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Palmer

William Palmer, bookseller at the Palm Tree in Fleetstreet, was involved in the publication of the fourth edition on Philanglus (1600), a French translation of Dodona's Grove, and works of occult medicine as well as theology, including the polemical anti-Puritan works of Peter Heylyn (1599-1662). These neighbors on the bookshelf provide a glimpse of the intellectual frame that surrounded Therologia at its first issue.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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pererrations

Classical term for an act or instance of wandering, from the latin pererrare (from errare [to err] and per [through]). Howell's pun on Pererius is on the nose but it clues readers to the linguistic wit he found amusing and conveys a larger point about genre. Perrerius is situated immediately both within the tradition of the errant knight questing on behalf of a queen or king and within that of the Odyssean wanderer. Prince Pererius's youth ties him perhaps also to Ulysses' princely son Telemachos, who wanders at the start of Homer's Odyssey in search not only of his father but of a secure lineage.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Circe

Another clear Homeric reference, Circe is the witch who transforms Ulysses' men into swine. Here, she is given clear origins as daughter of the Sun/Sol. Howell's later comment about the etymology of her name is ambiguous: kirkos in Greek means to ensnare with rings or hoop around, not to transmute or metamorphose.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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vertiginous

dizzying or confused

by Arnaud Zimmern
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fancy

Howell shares the opinion of Lady Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, who published in Poems, and Fancies (1653) that true artists write fancies, or imaginative original works. Unlike her, he does not believe in hiding his literary influences, as the dedication and preface to the reader go on to make clear who he deems to be his literary forebears.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Marie_de_la_Fontaine

Wife of the famed French fabler, Jean de la Fontaine, who went on to publish a tale of Ulysses and Circe uncannily similar in its commitment to misanthropy and its defense of animal innocence. Howell implies he once received hospitality from Marie de la Fontaine.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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closet

A general term for a private and secluded room, closet could refer to a cabinet of curiosities, a room for private study, a privy or toilet, or a chapel. References to ladies' closets were common in the titles and prefatory materials to printed works targeting female audiences, e.g. John Shirley's The Accomplished Ladies Rich Closet of Rarities (London, 1687). Howell joins a larger movement of writing for the growingly literate female population.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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philosophers

Rene Descartes, most notably, but also Marin Cureau de la Chambre, Robert Boyle, and Thomas Hobbes wrote on the management of the passions.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Upper_House

It is not clear whether Howell denotes here a school of philosophers. Elsewhere, he uses the same phrase simply in praise of a contemporary, Marin Cureau de la Chambre, whom he claims to have met in Paris and considers to be "among the philosopher of the upper house that this Age affords." See James Howell, "To the Translator of this Very Worthy Piece," in Marin Cureau de la Chambre, The Art How to Know Men, trans. John Davies (London, 1665)

by Arnaud Zimmern
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carine

From the Latin 'carina' and French 'carine,' meaning the keel of a boat. Howell adds the word to Thomas Blount's dictionary Glossographia (1656) and may have been intent on getting it into common use.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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sciolist

From the Latin 'sciolus,' meaning a person, usually an editor, of superficial knowledge; a pretender to knowledge. Used with some irony here, as Thomas Blount's preface to Glossographia (To Reader,sig. A4) complains about 'Every homebred Sciolist being at liberty to coyn and innovate new Words,' which Howell does mischievously throughout all of Therologia.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Aethiopia

Significantly, Howell recognizes Ethiopia as a 'large antient Empire' and seems aware of a recent uprising that resulted in regicide, much like in his native England. In the examples that follow, including Constantinople in modern-day Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Naples, and Morocco, Howell showcases his distinctive global awareness and labels an anti-royalist trend that worries him deeply. His use of cardiac metaphors (e.g "man doth impair... in the motions and affections of his heart," "Touching the motions of the heart") situates his critique of the English commonwealth and regicide in language provided by William Harvey's famous preface addressed to King James in De Motu Cordis (1628).

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Balaam

Howell alludes repeatedly to the Biblical tale of Balaam's Ass from the Book of Numbers 22-24, especially in the later chapter on the Artorian Ass or French peasant.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Aesop

The Phyrgian Fabler refers to the classical poet and writer of fables, Aesop, a major influence on humanist literature and ubiquitous in the following pages.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Bracciolini

Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459), a Renaissance Humanist, is famed for recovering lost manuscripts, among them Lucretius' De Rerum Naturae, and for his books of facetious fabliaux. Likely for the latter, he is held in high esteem as one of two ingenious Florentines who inspired Howell's Therologia.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Gelli

Giambattista Gelli (1498-1563), a Florentine scholar known for delivering public explanations on Dante's Divine Comedy at the request of Duke Cosimo I, inspired the form of Therologia with his tale La Circe (1549), whose eleven-chapter long dialogues between Ulysses, Circe, and various humans-turned-beasts are the obvious model which Howell closely follows and adapts to seventeenth century Europe. The influence of Dante also transits through Gelli to Howell.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Horace_Ode

The 'Propheticall Lyric Poet' is Horace, and the quote from his Carminae is a common chestnut about the moral regress of humankind.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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infandous

A neologism, meaning 'unspeakable' or 'nefarious'; Howell uses it throughout his texts, especially in Epistolae Ho-Elianae v. xii. 15: "This infandous custom of swearing..raignes in England lately more then any wher else."

by Arnaud Zimmern
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conterranean

A latin neologism, meaning 'Earth-sharing,' first used in Howell's 4th volume of Familiar Letters (1655): "He said, that if Women were not conterranean and mingled with men, Angels would descend and dwell among us" (vi, 16).

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Barlowe

Francis Barlow (c. 1626-1704), an engraver known as one of the most prolific book illustrators, is a pioneer in the history of the comic book, the landscape painting, and British sport painting.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Gaywood

Richard Gaywood (fl. 1650-1680), an English engraver, was a student of Wenceslaus Hollar and friend of Francis Barlow, known for his portraiture and etchings of birds.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Mazarin

Italian cardinal, diplomat, and chief minister to France's Kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV, Jules Mazarin (1602-1661) served also as papal diplomat to Pope Urban VIII and served under Cardinal Richelieu.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Diogenes

Fourth-century BC philospher, known as the Cynic and famed for claiming to be a cosmopolitan and citizen of the world.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Digby

The famed cavalier philosopher and adventurer, Kenelm Digby (1603-1655), was known as a leading Catholic intellectual and Blackloist. His interests in the powder of sympathy sparked Howell's in turn, as seen in Section 7 of Therologia

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Harvey

The text features a passing reference to Dr. William Harvey, widely deemed the discoverer of the circulation of the blood and first embryonic anatomist, in particular to Harvey's claim that all things are born and generated from the seeds or eggs ("ex ovo omnia") of parents, which aimed to debunk notions of spontaneous or virtual generation. See the dialogue between Pererius and the Bees (section 11, p. 141) for the theological and existential implications of that debate.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Mark

Saint Mark, author and apostle of one of the synoptic Gospels, became a special figure of veneration and patronage in Venice when two merchants stole his reliquary remains from Alexandria, Egypt and enshrined them in a Basilica devoted to his name. Mark's symbolic association with lions give a certain ironic overtone to Howell's decision to represent the Venetian courtisane as a hind.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Midas

Widely remembered in Greek mythology as the king who died of his ability to turn everything he touches to gold.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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CharlesI

Howell alludes severally to King Charles I of England, of the House of Stuart (1600-1649), whose execution and decapitation by Puritan regicides prompted the Cromwellian interregnum and Howell's own imprisonment in the Tower. Howell had reason to be emotionally attached to the young king, whose match to the Spanish Infanta, Anna Maria, Howell himself tried but failed to facilitate.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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CharlesII

King Charles II of England, grandson of James I and Charles I, returned to power by invitation of Parliament after the demise of Oliver Cromwell and the brief-lived Puritan republic. His restoration to power provided Howell with the political environment needed to thrive; Charles II appointed him historiographer royal.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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ChristinaI

Queen Christina I, monarch of the Swedish Empire, is remembered for her unconventional love of philosophy, her patronage of Rene Descartes, her role in the Catholic Counter-Reformation, her distaste for marriage, and her strenuous ten-hour work-days during her twenty-year reign. She famously abdicated the throne to her first cousin Charles and is one of few women buried in the Vatican grotto. She is remembered by the Cuprinian Wolf in Section 8 of Therologia as a 'generous Queen' who 'lately' (in 1654) embarked on a six-year tour of Europe, often donning men's clothing to preserve anonymity.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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ElizabethI

The famed virgin Queen of England, last of the Tudor line, Elizabeth I is remembered favorably by the Venetian Hind of Section 4 as "a late notable Queen in Gheronia, who rul'd triumphantly near upon 45 years" (57), in the company of classical women rulers such as Semiramis and Tomiris. The Key to Morphandra appears keen to highlight these examples of feminine rule.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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FredericV

In the Holy Roman Empire, a count palatine or palsgrave (from German Pfalsgraf) was an official of the royal palace. The Golden Bull of 1356 made the palsgrave of the Rhine an Elector Palatine, or member of the electoral college selecting the Holy Roman Emperor, a position of significant power. The Calvinist and mystic Frederick V played that role from 1610 to 1623, serving briefly also as King of Bohemia from 1619 to 1620 until an Imperial edict deprived him of the Palatinate and sent to him into exile at The Hague. He married the eldest daughter of King James VI and I of Scotland and England, and his son Prince Rupert is remembered as one of Restoration England's most influential public, military, and scientific figures.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Rainsborough

Denotes either Colonial Thomas Rainsborough (1610-1648) or his brother Major William Rainsborowe (1612-1673), both of whom were leading figures in the radical Leveller movement and vocal in the Putney Debates, when the New Model Army debated and discussed the formation of a new English constitution based upon male suffrage.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Deane

Trusted supporter of Lord Generall Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War, Richard Deane enjoyed a significant military career, rising from artillery to Lord High Admiral of the English Navy, and signing, along the way, the execution warrant for the bheading of King Charles I. He is remembered in Therologia among the tortured "Gherionian Sectaries, who had destroyed from top to bottom all of Government" (40).

by Arnaud Zimmern
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roundhead

A term used to deride supporters of constitutional monarchy and parliamentary rule, as opposed to absolute monarchy. The term is often contrasted with the Cavaliers, or supporters of royalism. The reference may be to the many Puritans who wore their hair closely cropped and flat around the head rather than curled and long like the men of court, although many Roundheads began to grow their long in rebellion after the royalist Archbishop William Laud promulgated a statute instructing the clergy to wear their hair short.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Luther

As explained, Therlu is an anagram (or jumbling of the letters) of Martin Luther, the famous Augustinian canon who ignited the Protestant Reformation. It is not clear why Howell choses to anagramatize Luther's name and not those of other figures he equally dislikes. The answer may lie in the Greek 'ther' meaning 'beast' (as in Ther-ologia), identifying Luther with the beasts and possibly as The Beast that accompanies the Whore of Babylon in Revelation 17, a trope of religious polemic writing in the late Reformation.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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festival

Imitating the language of contemporary navigators and conquerors as well as the register of English liturgy, Pererius declares the discovery of Morphandra's Island a historic event or religioius holiday worthy of yearly commemoration.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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rubriques

Traditionally printed in red, rubrics served as major headings of chapters or sections in books and manuscripts, especially in liturgical texts and almanacs, a kind of chronological handbook of important anniversaires, forecasts, and astronomical calculations.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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circe

An enchantress in Greek mythology best remembered from Homer's Odyssey for transforming the heroic crew into swine before succumbing to Odysseus's charm and bearing him two sons, Latinus and Telegonus. Howell's presentation of Morphandra as a daughter of Circe is a nod to to Therologia's relationship to his source, Giambattista Gelli's Circe .

by Arnaud Zimmern
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analogical

An allusion to the mode of retributive justice explored most famously in Dante Alighieri's Inferno, where the nature of the offense dictates by way of parallel the form of the punishment. Morphandra casually associates one already laden philosophical term - analogical - with another - sympathetic - but does not elaborate on the distinction or similarity.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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god_of_nature

Morphandra's God of Nature is presented as the universal figure of natural law that we find in much Scholastic philosophy or in similar realms of natural theology, rather than an explicitly Christian or Trinitiarian divinity.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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cacodaemons

Morphandra invests considerable energy during this first encounter to deflect accusations of sorcery and witchcraft with which she is apparently often charged by "shallow-pated common people." Howell here reminds us of the ongoing, perhaps growing hardships facing writers of this period to celebrate and reuse pagan literary traditions to new, Christian ends.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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negromancy

Literally 'black magic', as opposed to (though often conflated) with 'necro-mancy', or magic invoking and communicating with the spirits of the dead, a practice associated with Odysseus' visit to Hades and the prediction of future events. Morphandra makes clear her collaboration with 'white magic,' showcasing Howell's familiarity with the arguments of Sir Francis Bacon with regard to preserving good magic.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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first_philosophy

Prima philosophia, or first philosophy, denoted the branch of knowledge concerned with first principles such as matter, light, and privation, often thought of today as metaphysics. Morphandra's case for magic as the first philosophy may not have been unpopular in Howell's time, even if a broader movement of proto-scientists was at work to distinguish past ideas from modern practices.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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traduce

Betrayed and translated, as in the Italian dictum 'traduttore, traditore' (to translate is to betray).

by Arnaud Zimmern
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tyrant

Howell underscores that the Greeks understood 'tyrannos' to apply indifferently to good and bad usurpers alike and warped around 1300 CE to signifiy a cruel or oppresive ruler, as opposed to one without a legal right.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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sophister

Another example of semantic change, sophister used to carry a positive valence as a master of a craft or a prudent man but took on pejorative meaning in Athens where, by contrast with the true philosopher, the sophister gave instruction in exchange for pay.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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parlement

Morphandra's prayer for Parliament marks Howell's first nod to the civil wars and the rise of constitutional monarchy in the English Commonwealth. It strikes a surprisingly irenic note in this otherwise staunchly royalist, at times absolutist text.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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anthropomorphosd

The neologism anthropomorphosis, possibly first coined in 1613, and here liberally adapted into a verb form (to anthropomorphose) by Howell, usually referred to the figurative attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities, such as God, or the literal transformation of a non-human into a human. Pererius, wittingly or unwittingly, reverses the direction to designate the transformation of a human into a human.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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ratiocination

The act or process of deductive, often syllogistic, reasoning.

by Arnaud Zimmern
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voluntary_election

A note again of Morphandra's placement as a figure of natural universal law of a Scholastic flavor. Her insistence on the act of the unforced will is also part and parcel of the discourse of free government in this period, as anti-despotic and abolitionist thinkers insisted on the importance of the people's voluntary election of their governors, as opposed to tyranny and slavery.

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retaliation

Another instance of semantic change that Howell insists of presenting at the start of the text. Understood today as a form of pay-back or revenge, retaliation means, on Pererius's tongue, a form of reciprocity or compensation.

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complements

A disdain for flattery is a feature associated with Puritans of the period, while the overuse of praise was deemed typical of courtly environments.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

belluine

Characteristics of beasts, from the Latin bellua for 'beast,' with a possible pun on bellum, 'war.'

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

the_lamb_with_the_lion

Morphandra's take on the prophecy of Isaiah 11:6 (King James Version): "The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them."

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

dragnet_or_tramnell

Respectively, a net dragged over the bottom of a body of water to entrap fish or over a field to sweep ground game, and a long narrow fishing-net with two mesh walls, also known as a bag-net.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

manducable

Chewable or eatable, often in reference to the Eucharist or consecrated host and with specific allusion to the champing of jaws. Morphandra's knowledge of fishmonger jargon and high theological vocabulary cultivates not only her intellectual aura but Pererius's sense of being, indeed, in a pre-lapsarian 'promontory of Paradise.'

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

benignity

Kindness or disposition or manner, often used of the climate, of medicines, or of planets in this period.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

rennet

An acidic curdled milk found in the stomach of unweaned calves and other ruminants, used to curdle larger batches of milk and make cheese. The proto-veganism of Morphandra's Island fits within larger debates among religious reformers about the proper care of the planet and dominion over nature, as well as with understandings of pre-lapsarian consumption (see, for instance, Milton's Paradise Lost (1667)).

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

promontory_of_paradise

A piece of land jutting out into the sea, here used figuratively, as though the created world were a sea, and Paradise a continent of which the Island of Morphandra is a part. Pererius's imagery recalls medieval voyage literature of the likes of Saint Brendan, whose voyaging monks erred on the sea in earch of the terra repromissionis sanctum, or promised land of the saints. The evocation of the genre prepares the sharp contrast with the former Hydraulian mariner.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

slented

To split or cleave, to rend. Here a dialectical usage almost unique to Howell but also found in the writings of Joshua Sylvester, translator of Guillaume de Salluste du Bartas' biblical epic Devine Weekes .

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

deboshments

An archaic spelling of 'debauchments', a depravity or corruption in morals, found also in Shakespeare's King Lear, 1.4.220: "Men so disorder'd, so debosh'd, and bold."

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

amphibious_creture

Amphibia are beings at home equally in water and on land. Figuratively, the term was common in religious polemics to denote individuals who held ambiguous positions. See J. Whalley Gods Plentie (1615), 32: "Aske these amphibia what names they would have, what are you Papists? no,... are you Protestants? no."

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

oimee

A borrowing from Italian oime, borrowed in turn from Greek oimos, meaning 'alas!' The biblical linguist T. Lewis O. Davies notes in 1888 that the "Anglicized form... seems to have puzzled a former reader of Howell, for in my copy obscene is suggested in a marginal annotation in an apparently contermporary handwriting" (A Supplementary English Glossary, 449).

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

tite_lusty_vessel

In a potentially awkward bit of rhetoric, Pererius affects the speech patterns and mannerisms of a sailor, describing his ship with adjectives reserved for wenches and calling the place where vessels may safely lie at anchor 'the Road' in keeping with the Middle Dutch reede.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

contentation

Contentment, often with regard to accepntance of a situation.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

epitome

A summary or condensation, a compendium or miniature. The otter alludes to a Platonic and Scholastic tendency to describe humankind as the pinnacle and summary of all created things.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

microcosm

A traditionally Platonic idea that human nature contains in minature the divine or universal nature (macrocosm). The term was commonly used as a synonym for 'man' or 'mankind.'

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

specifical_difference

A scholastic term for differences that result in distinction and separation within or among species. Reason was often considered humanity's specifical difference among animals.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

his_own_tormentor

Extremely common phrase in sermons and moral treatises, whose religious register and gravity the Hydraulian Otter employs as he invokes 'cruciatory passions' and martyrdom.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

leviathan

Biblical sea-creature often pictured as a whale, now associated with Thomas Hobbes's 1651 book of the same name, examining English civil structures. Pererius again tries to present as a nautical kindred, alluding to the crampons and harping-irons of whalers and heroizing the work of mariners as cavaliers riding post upon the ocean.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

magazin

Usually, a storehouse for food or storage room for weapons, but in mid-16th century Europe also a ship which supplies provisions. The otter's subsequent conceit of man as a ship laden with adversity (and, quite literally, other shit) overturns Pererius's efforts to ennoble nautical life and language.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

hull

The full frame of a ship, often shorthand for a dismantled, worn out, or battered vessel retained as a store-vessel or for housing quarantined crews (i.e. hulk).

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

cargazon

From the Spanish cargazon, or load of a ship. The otter repeats a metaphor Howell first used for himself: "for my body is but a cargazon of corrupt humours" (Familiar Letters Volume II, ed. W. H. Bennet (London, 1890), XI, 126).

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

excrementitious

A medical term, meaning of the nature of dregs, ordure, and excreta. The otter showcases his scatological vocabulary and argues that human corpses stink because human bodies are born and engendered so near the anus.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

mummy

Dried and embalmed human flesh, evoked (and likely used as a powder or pulpy mass) in various medicinal preparations of the early modern period. The otter, in a morbidly absurd moment, acknowledges humans may be useful to humans when dead, but not nearly as much as dead otters and therefore he shall remain an otter.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

viands

Broadly construed, provisions or food, but more specifically meats (from the latin vivenda)

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

esculents

An eatable food, especially vegetables, from the Latin esca.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

putrefaction

The process of corruption or, literally, making rotten; or the foul-smelling decomposition that results therefrom. The consumption of food was seen as conducive of putrefaction, especially food past its prime. See Thomas Elyot, The Castell of Helthe (1537): "It shall be necessary for them... to be circumspecte in eatynge meate, that shortely wylle receyve putrifaction."

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

compositum

A common reference to human nature as a composite of body and soul/spirit/mind, much used for instance by Descartes.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

redintegrated

To restore a person to a previous state, in particular to a state of wholeness or unity; often used in the passive voice, e.g. to be redintegrated.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

the_frail_vessel

The frail vessel metaphor for the vulnerable human body is a bromide of the period's religious literature, troping at once on naval vessels and glass or earthenware vessels. The early Quaker, Isaac Penington, Jr., for instance, writes in 1654 of the human body as 'a poor frail vessel; a vessel long in making, and yet when made, very brittle" ( Divine Essays, "The Invalidity of the Flesh," 65), while the martyrologist Samuel Clarke, relating in 1652 the life of Queen Joan of Navarre, recalls some of her last words: "now I may enter into the desired haven towards which this frail vessel of mine hath been a long time steering" ( A Martyrologie, 66).

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

fuliginous

Sooty, smoky, or smog-like.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

infimous

Latin, superlative of inferus or lowest, and hence related to inferno; in French, infime, denoting the very lowest or basest. The Otter emphasizes and exagerates the lowness of the Low Countries (or Nether-lands) in order to link it more closely with Hell, which was often conceived as lying at the deepest center of the geographical Earth.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

neerest_confederates

The closest allies, with a special dig at the confederate political order of the Dutch Republic, which began in 1588 when negotiations by the Earl of Leicester failed to make the northern provinces a protectorate of England under Elizabeth I and cemented the independent status of the Republic. That history is invoked in the very next line.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

their_revolt

The Act of Abjuration (Dutch: Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, Spanish: Acta de Abjuracion) was signed at the Hague in 1581. It declared independence from Spain's King Philip I for each magistrate whose Province had signed the Treaty of Utrecht. After several failed bids to be subsumed under other monarchies such as France and England, the States General assumed sovereignty, making the seven United Provices a republic.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

mansion_of_mankind

A possible allusion to Josuah Sylvester's famous translation of Guillaume de Saluste du Bartas's popular biblical epic, the Devine Weekes: "Doubtless (great God) 'tis doubtless thine owne hand / Whereon this Mansion of Mankind doth stand."

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

bonny-clabber

Milk that has soured and clotted; an Anglicization of Irish bainne clabair.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

statu_quo_nunc

In the same state as at present; i.e. were things as they are now.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

public_religion

In 1571, at the Synod of Emden, the Dutch Reformed Church established presbyterian church government and became the state religion of the Netherlands. The 17th century Dutch Golden Age was influenced by English Puritanism and is remembered for a high degree of freedom of thought, which the Otter here presents as lukewarm devotion.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

hive_of_bees

Bees were a common image for monarchical regimes, as were ants. Pererius, who outs himself later as a monarchist, makes a poor choice of analogue for the Dutch Republic, although one is reminded of the later Anglo-Dutch writer Bernard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees; or Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714), which argued that self-interest and private vice give rise to social behaviors that Pererius here deems virtuous.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

turgid

Swelling or swollen, ironically also used of language, like Pererius's praise of the Dutch as perceived by the Otter, i.e. pompous, bombastic.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

science

A form of high, abstracted knowledge, as distinguished from ars and techne, and not yet couched in concepts of experimentation and hypothetico-deduction.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

tarpaling

Perhaps from tar + pall, evoking a tarred canvas like a funeral shroud, a tarpaulin is waterproof cloth used to make sailors's hats and thus a nickname for a mariner.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

tyranny_of_meteors

Astronomical and astrological events, such as meteors and comets, were believed to impact human health and social behaviors, even inducing revolutions and meteorological events.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

blanch_an_ethiop

A proverb used to express an impossible event. In bearing the mark of a racial essentialism typical of the period, it proves either needlessly redundant or suggestive of a notional distinction between 'Negro' and 'Ethiop' that would be relatively uncommon in the era and might betoken geographical or ethnic sensitivity on the part of the Hydraulian mariner.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

eternity_of_torments

It is unclear whether the Otter, prior to his transformation, held to the Dutch Reformed Church's Calvinist doctrine of double predestination and believed that a person was from all time predetermined to heaven or hell.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

banians

The belief in reincarnation or a better world for animals reminds us of the Netherlands' reputation for free-thinking and the mariner's possible familiarity with the Banians, who, though unidentified in Howell's Key to Morphandra, likely refer to the Hindu caste of Baniya traders and merchants, clearly distinguished by their clothing. dietary choices, and manner of conducting trade.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

souls_in_us

Belief in the sentience and souls of animals was also a feature of Epicurean thought, increasingly in vogue throughout the 1650s as writers such as Margaret Cavendish and Walter Charleton recovered Lucretius' epicurean epic poem De Rerum Naturae

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

pro_con

For and against a position or claim. It was common in the period to commend even-handedness as a noble and hard-earned skill in rhetorical debate and encourage the consideration of arguments from both sides ( ad utramque partem). Pererius, unsuccessful in his attempt to convert the Otter, praises Morphandra for making the Otter so capable, rather than praise the animal directly.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

beeing1

Pererius's confidence may seem ill placed, but Howell introduces a foreshadowing pun on "bee" in "beeing." The Bees, a convent of nuns, will indeed be the only interlocutors who are swayed by his discourse and agree to return with Pererius. The unconventional spelling b-ee-ing is consistent across the whole work and in keeping with Howell's suggested orthographic reforms.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

peasan

Someone who works the land, usually a member of the agricultural working class, from the French 'paysan.' Typically but not always used with derision to imply a rude, small-minded, or rustic individual.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

miracle

Pererius alludes to the Biblical tale of Balaam's Ass ( Book of Numbers 22-24), widely depicted in this period by painters as renowned as Rembrandt. Balaam goes against the way of the Lord, but his donkey recognizes an angel barring their path. Balaam tries to press the donkey forward forcefully three times, until finally the donkey opens its mouth and speaks, admonishing Balaam for his severe abuse. The angel then reveals itself to Balaam. The story is one of humbling and learning to heed the voice of God. Pererius seems ill-equipped to do such heeding.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Ammonius

Howell is thinking here of the third-century author of the Ammonian Sections and forerunner of the Eusebian gospel harmony, Ammonius of Alexandria, whom some would distinguish from the Hellenic Neoplatonist of the same name and city, Ammonius Saccas. A big thank you to Dr. Jeremiah Coogan for noting that the saying about the donkey is found in the Suda a Byzantine encyclopedia, where the Ammonius described does not match the profile of the Alexandrian philosopher: (1639) ??????????, ???????????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????- ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?� ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????� (5) ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????????. ???� ? ??? ????????????? ?? ? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????� ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????? ?? ??????????, ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????. (10)

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Origen

One of the most influential early Christian theologians, Origen of Alexandria was being recovered in the late English Reformation, in part for his views on apokatastasis, or universal salvation, including the salvation of the damned. The question of restoration and restitution (the literal meaning of apokatastasis) is ever in the background of this Dantean text, where the transformed refuse to be reunited or restituted to their origins.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

angels

Angels were a common gold-based currency in England, based on the French angelot. We hereby learn that Pererius is likely from England or Gheriona.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

unguentum_rubrum

Literally a 'red ointment,' denoting some gold-based medical ointment. The reference was common in the period, as in Humphry Browne's A Map of the Microcosme (1642) on doctors: "You must supple their hands with some unguentum rubrum... which is in your purse, or else they will hardly feele your pulse, but rather will extinguish the lampe of your life then preserve it" (143-44)

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

fabric

A building or construction, an edifice.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

deceptio_visus

An optical illusion or trompe-l'oeil effect, literally a deception of the eye.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

viz

That is to say; namely; to wit. A legal abbreviation of videlicet, used to introduce an elaboration or explanation.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

roturer

Belonging to the common, non-noble and non-clery social class in France.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Ceres

Goddess of grain crops and fertility in the Roman pantheon. Pererius reveals the compound etymology behind the pseudonym 'Art-onia': Ceres's bread (artos) and Bacchus's wine (oinos).

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Bacchus

Roman deity of wine. France's proud relationship to Bacchus goes beyond wine. Edmond Ronsard, founding poet of the Pleiade and leading figure of the French renaissance, was instrumental in making Bacchus an iconic figure of poetic renewal and national pride through poems such as the Bacchanales (1552), the Dithyrambes (1553) and the Hinne de Bacchus (1554).

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Neptune

Neptune takes pride of place in French monumental iconography, for instance, at the bassin de Neptune, a lavish fountain at the Palais de Versailles built in the late 1670s. France's reputation for high-quality salt crystals comes from the Atlantic salt-marshes south of Bretagne, between the cities of Guerande and Oleron, and from the Mediterranean salt flats between Marseille and Salins de l'Aude.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Venus

France was known for the delicacy of its embroidered linen smocks (or chemises) and was seen as a leading country in men's and women's fashions.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

cope

The over-arching vault of Heaven, with a possible pun on the garments used by monks and other clerics, to whom the Artonian Asse now turns his attention.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

repine

To grumble or complain. Complaints about tithing obligations to the Church are a common feature of Huguenot writings; the Artonian Ass distances himself from them only to better lean into a critique of state-based taxation that becomes a critique of clerical-courtly conspiracies in greed.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

tallies

An understandable mispelling of the French tailles, which was the most lucrative tax employed by the French monarchs since Francis I. It was a direct tax, levied annually, against those who were taillable, including all peasantry and most bourgeois, but no clergy or nobles.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

demeans

The landed possessions of the French monarchy, which surely amounted to an astounding net worth.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

communibus_annis

Latin phrase denoting 'in normal or average years.'

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

crowns

French currency in 1640 underwent a massive revolution, shifting from the franc (or livre tournois) to the gold louis d'or (worth 60 livres) and the silver ecu (worth 60 sou). The English crown is invoked here perhaps for the benefit of English readers, perhaps for the English Pererius.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

gabell

The third most lucrative French tax, a salt tax, after the tailles and the aides.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

taillons

Various 'accessory' taxes under the 'tailles'. To the Ass's point, the taillons was invented in 1549 by Henri II and remained in effect at the time of Howell's writing.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

suffragan

Used to denote a bishop who is subsidiary or subordinate to a metropolitan or archbishop.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

carowses

Drinks liberally, with a nod again to the Bacchic spirit of France, albeit inequitably enjoyed.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

anhelation

A panting asperation for an object of desire, more often used in a holy or sacred meaning.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

catches

A simple melody sung in a round, often with three voices. Music was often associated with luxury and leisure.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

standells

Young saplings and small trees left to stand for sustainable timbering, as per legal statute of England's King Henry VIII in 1543.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

coppice

A small forest or wood planted or reserved for lumber, as in the term coppice-wood.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

tintamarrs

From the French tintamare, a hubbub or noisy discord, a term popularized by John Florio's translation of Montaigne's Essais and a favorite of Howell's (see Dendrologia, 64: "He preservd Ampelona...without the least tintamarre or noise of commotion.")

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

winch

To start back, recoil; an obsolete verb form, similar to the modern 'wince.'

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

soloecism

A breach of decorum or proper behavior. Pererius periodically returns to the defense of firm authoritarianism in government, but seldom wins on that point.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

calentures

From the Spanish calentura, a fever or high heat, a sunstroke, often associated with sailors in the tropics whose delirria included imagining the open sea as a green field and wanting to leap into it.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

tovardillios

Spanish term for a fevered dizziness or vertigo, as found in Howell's Tetraglotton (127v). The Spanish-Latin dictionary of Pedro de Salas and Bartholome Bravo confirms an alternate spelling (tavardillo) and translates it as morbis tabificus, a Hippocratean term for any kind of consumption, and febris aestuans, an inflamed fever.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

flamines

Latin plural of flamen: in Roman history, a priest devoted to one particular deity (e.g. a flamen of Jupiter) and, in extended usage but somewhat derogatorily, a heathen clergyman. The Asse here alludes to Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu and his successor Cardinal Jules Mazarin.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

sanguin

Bloody. The dominantly Galenic physiology of the period divided the body's fluids into four humours, whose preponderance determined a person's temperament. A preponderance of blood determined a sanguine temperament, various interpretations of which co-existed at the time. The Asse's reference points less to a specific psycho-physiological theory and more to a pun on the bloody-minded cardinals, known as they were for wearing red surplices. Their policy decisions led to the deaths of many in foreign and civil wars.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

red-cornerd_cap

The three-cornered biretta is a square cap with three peaks, sometimes surmounted by a tuft, worn commonly by clergy. The red color, again, symbolizes the special rank of the cardinal.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

peers

Elites, persons of high rank; as opposed to the modern meaning, a person of equal status, a companion.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

phrygian_king

Book XI of Ovid's Metamorphoses recalls how King Midas, famed for his golden touch and thus the richest of men, once dissented with the judgment of Apollo and was punished by having his human ears replaced with asinine ones. The Artonian Ass mocks humanist learning by suggesting that the punishment can be read instead as a mark of virtue, namely bold defiance against authoritarianism.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

infallible

Unerring, incapable of error; a term usually reserved for the Roman Catholic papacy when it pronounces on matters of doctrine ex cathedra or from the Seat of St. Peter. The term may be a sly dig, as the ass refers to pagan practices of cephalomancy, as alluded to in Rabelais' Pantagruel,where the head of a donkey (or a goat) was boiled or cooked over coals for divination, including climate predictions.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

obstreperous

Noisy, clamorous.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

medicaments

Medical substances or medical treatments; the Artonian Ass overturns the idea that humor and laughter are good medicine.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

syncopes

As early as 1400, a technical term for a heart failure and the ensuing duress or death.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

singultient

A neologism of Howell's meaning 'sobbing' with a sense also of hiccuping, perhaps capitalizing on the popularization of 'singult' by Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Merriman

A common tendency in the period was to anthropomorphize as 'Doctors' the six medical categories of the "non-naturals": air quality; exercise and rest; sleeping and waking; diet; excretion; and the passions. Doctor 'Merriman,' a common term for humor and good cheer, falls under the latter.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

exigents

Emergencies, extremities.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

erogations

Expenditures, usually in the context of gift-giving or alms, but in Howell's writings regularly in the context of taxation.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

bastinadoed

To pummel a person or animal with a stick, typically as a form of punishment on the feet or heels.

by Arnaud Zimmern
x

Cancer

The dimmest of the zodiac, the constellation of Cancer contains two stars named after donkeys, Asellus Australis (the southern donkey) and Asellus Borealis (the northern donkey).

by Arnaud Zimmern
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grave_disputes

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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strongest_man

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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Poppaea

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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consumptions

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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dysenteries

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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tilers

Enter Note

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morphews

Enter Note

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Ierusalem

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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these_lines

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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corpulent

Enter Note

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intractable

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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crosse-graind

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transfiguration

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cogitations

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chimeras

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crochets

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pedicular

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veterenarians

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malila

Enter Note

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epilepsy

Enter Note

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comitiall_sicknesse

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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gourmandize

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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incantation

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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apprehension

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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disasinated

Enter Note

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mimicall

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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fatuous

Enter Note

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stertmen

Enter Note

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frigate

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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sick_eagle

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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pestilence

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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puppifie

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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lycanthropy

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scotomia

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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vertigo

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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philosophers-pope

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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public_liturgy

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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patheticall

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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sacraments

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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genuflexion

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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miscreants

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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addicted

Enter Note

by Arnaud Zimmern
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nefandous

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vialls

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by Arnaud Zimmern
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Cinq-ports

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Morpheus

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Horngate

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vagaries

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appeerd

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golden_branch

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Sybilla_Cumana

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Trojan_Prince

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Pluto

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Furies

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blazing_star_1618

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president

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cacodaemons1

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Stygian

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prolocutrix

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League

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Revolt_of_the_Hydraulian

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Cassiopaea

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Tartarean

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phlegetontic

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parallax

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forty_years

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Tartar

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Chinois

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Cosaque

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Pole

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thirty_years_war

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Duke_of_Laroni

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Rhinarchos

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Selenian_Emperours

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Acherontic

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native_king

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supposititious

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pythonesses

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Act_of_continuance

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rakehells

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Myrmidons

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bandogs

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tenter

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Utopian_Reformations

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Alchoran

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canons

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Sabboth

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mechanic

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exotic_words

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incarnation

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tap-houses

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charnell-house

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bench

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Great_Charter

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flitters

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seminaeries

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Lazaretto

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surplices

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font

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two-penny_ordinary

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pericranium

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Dis

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Beelzebub

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super-erogatory

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religionem_ex_solo

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regem_ex_solio

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almanack

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Caroloman

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Charon

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mandamus

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non_obstante

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tarpalins

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Ixion

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Windmills

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sectaries

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Prometheus

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Caucasus

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predestination

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election

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reprobation

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sapere_ad_sobrietatem

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Danaus

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Iupiter

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Uzza

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candent

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Knights_of_the_Garter

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Knights_of_the_Bath

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privy-councellors

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lough

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blew-caps

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hispid

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Wea_is_me

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everlasting_villain

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Iudas

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Iack_Cade

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Wat_Tyler

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Iack_Straw

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Ket_the_Tanner

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gran_Villain

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french_barly-broth

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indentures

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corroding

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evangelizing_Gherionian_ladies

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Cerberus

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mattens

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noctivagation

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expergefaction

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reminiscence

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prerogatives

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irremeable

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instantaneous

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heteroclites

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quack-salvers

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plot_of_Nitre

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pestiferous

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pseudopolitians

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ataxy

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diametricall

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Apolog

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pericardium

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hypocondrium

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miseraik

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emulgent

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hypogastrium

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tumultuary

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fundament

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yard

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languification

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spleene

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tympany

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hepticall

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quadrat

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Roundhead

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noddle

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caprichio

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annihilation

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in_statu_quo_nunc

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antipathy

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shingle

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sagacious

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marvail

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salacious

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laconicall

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imperfection_of_seed

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wisards

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modern_physitians

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vilipended

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Ninny

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stinking_Cynick

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raillery

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first_woman

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faeculence

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dower

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procurators

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Amazons

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Semiramis

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Tomiris

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late_notable_Queen

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inventrices

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sybills

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Minerva

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Iove

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Erynnis

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Apelles

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gadding

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Polygnottus

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Ocnus

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cordwayner

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wisell

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two_Empresses

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leaking_vesells

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Zenebia

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Bettrice

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Henry

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Artemisia

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Mausolus

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dramm

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sepulcher

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the_Orientall_world

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shrews

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Viri_fama_jacet_inter_uxoris_fempora

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Zappora

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Xantippe

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Moyses

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Socrates

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sconce

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the_Epigrammatist

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drolleries

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coxcombs

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branchd_horns

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spilters

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trochings

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Prickets

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Sorrells

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Hemuses

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fewmishes

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flowers

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singles

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Archesilaus

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Licosura

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Arcadian_Annalls

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Agapenor

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Aesculapius

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Sertorius

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Diana

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fatidicall

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hemerroids

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Harts_horn

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excrescence

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periwigs

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Syrenian

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mart

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motion

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Mercury

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carack

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simples

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sallets

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copper-coin

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elogiums

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impostumes

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the_poet

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brittish_epigrammatist

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clinches

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drollery

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receipts

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Pope_AlexanderVI

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aphorisms

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universalls

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happines

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Alexander_the_Great

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meridian

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derogate

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cogg

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cageole

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dittany

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celandine

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hemlock

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rue

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origanum

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mandragora

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pismires

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hite

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ague

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cephalagia

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hemicrania

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scotomy

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palsy

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phrenitis

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phrenzy

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catarrs

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apoplexy

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pluritis

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peripneumonia

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empyema

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ptisis

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haemocrises

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syncope

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inappetentia

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wolf

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pica

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malacia

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singultus

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hicock

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jaundies

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dropsie

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cirrhus

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iliaca_passio

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astrictio_alvi

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lineteria

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pappy_stools

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dysenteria

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tenesmus

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Hypocondriacall_melancholy

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reins

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calculus

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mictus_fanguinis

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diabete

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incontinentia

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ardor

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iscuria

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strangury

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lues_venerea

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St_Anthonys_Fire

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chancre

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botches

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gutta_serena

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ophthalmia

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epiphola

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aegilops

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surditas

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sonitus

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ozana

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polypus

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faetor_narium

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coryza

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sternutatio

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laesus

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ranula_sublingua

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squinzy

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chlorosis

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suppressio_mensium

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fluor_muliebris

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histerica_passio

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hydrops

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clausura

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sterilitas

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obortus

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faetus_mortuus

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secundina_retenta

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proscidentia

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felo_de_se

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Lachesis

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lenitifs

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saturnin

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maw

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arguments_from_Creation

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ubiquitary

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refulgence

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operatio_sequitur_esse

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complacency

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subsistences

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adumbrat

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antipodes

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carreer

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Aquinas

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dictamens

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enemy_of_the_Crosse

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pattage

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pursines

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milt

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culling

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inveighs

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hocos-pocos

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the_Fox_and_the_Crow

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cosen

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signor

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cautelous

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propagatresse

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Pomona

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Pandora

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conventicle

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junkets

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Umbria

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fulgurations

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synteresis

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twenty_Geese

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covetousnes

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strapado

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x

gibbet

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x

syndic

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x

precipitates

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x

quod_vult

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x

romance

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x

subdolous

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x

palliat

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x

Sir_Politic_Woodbies

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x

interregnums

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x

panniers

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x

Hans

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x

congeniall

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x

Aristotles_Politiques

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x

Optimacy

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x

martingale

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x

soloecism2

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x

alopecia

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x

heriot

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x

sympathetical_powder

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x

bill_of_exchange

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x

vindicatif

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x

negromantic

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x

insulsity

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x

revera

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x

zaphyrian

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by Arnaud Zimmern
x

solar_fire

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x

lunar_complexion

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x

atoms

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x

circumambient

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foraminous

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x

effluvium

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x

autopticall_glasses

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x

Iockies

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intromitted

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cognation

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"In Scotland in 1649, after a decade of drought, war, and revolution, when 'the prices of victual and corn of all sorts were higher than ever heretofore any[one] living could remember,' the Scots Parliament decided 'that the sin of witchcraft daily increases in this land' and so, to avert further disasters, issued some five hundred commissions to try suspected witches, resulting in more executions for sorcery during the famine of 1649-1650 than at any other time in Scottish history." See Geoffrey Parker, "Crisis and Catastrophe: The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered," The American Historical Review 113, no. 4 (2008): 1053-79).

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Therologia

or the Parly of Beasts

by James Howell

Θηρολογια.

THE PARLY OF BEASTS; OR MORPHANDRA Queen of the INCHANTED ILAND:

The Scope and Substance of the ensuing SECTIONS.

To the Great Ornament of her Sex, both for Choice Intellectualls, and High Morall Vertues, The right Honorable, and excellent Lady, Marie de la Fontaine.

To the Severer sort OF REDERS.

Poema Tempestivum.

An Etymologicall Derivation of som Words and Anagrams in the Parly of Beasts, according to the ALPHABET.

A

C

D

G

H

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

V

W

Z

θηρολογια The First Section.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

Pererius.

Otter.

θηρολογια The Second Section.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Morphandra.

Pererius.

Asse.

Pererius.

Asse.

Pererius.

Asse.

Pererius.

Asse.

Pererius.

Asse.

Pererius.